Computer Network and Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Computer Network and Management - Case Study Example When web cache receives the request, it first examines the cache’s inventory of stored objects to verify the existence of the requested web content. If the desired object is found, web cache determines the ‘freshness’ of the stored object by examining the object’s creation date, storage date, expiration date, and client and server preferences. If the stored object is found to be valid and up-to-date (fresh), then it is retrieved from the cache’s object store and sent as an HTTP response to the client, hence, saving time and bandwidth (Hofmann & Beaumont 2005). In case if the requested web object is not found, then the web cache transforms and forward the client request to the origin server, receives the response from the origin server, and forwards the response to the client. After sending the response to the client, web cache decides whether or not to store a copy of the object into its object store. This decision is based on (i) replacement rules, and (ii) dynamic object rules (Hofmann & Beaumont 2005). Web cache has finite capacity and therefore, once the cache is full, it is important to decide whether or not to store the current web object after removing and replacing some another stored object. There are several ways to select the object to be removed and replaced; some popular strategies listed by Hofmann & Beaumont (2005) are: Web cache uses dynamic object rules to find the approximate future value of the object through examining its characteristics in order to determine whether or not the object is valuable enough to be stored in the object store. Dynamic web content, such as stock quotes, news headlines, and weather reports changes very frequently and therefore, their value is dropped very rapidly. Personal information, such as family pictures, journals, and travel plans has a very low future value as it attracts only a few numbers of clients. Likewise, private

Internal combustion engine Essay Example for Free

Internal combustion engine Essay Electric cars should be used instead of cars that run with gasoline because electric cars do not harm the environment, are quieter, quicker, does not require gasoline and include a significant reduction to air pollution. Firstly, electric cars have a lot of benefits. One of them is that they are quiet, quick and smooth, making most regular cars look clunky and outdated. What surprises people the most is the torque (axle-twisting power) offered by the electric cars. Step on the accelerator and power is delivered immediately to the wheels, providing a thrilling driving experience. Secondly, after a while with an electric car you will forget that gas stations existed. Imagine never going to a gas station and spending all that money for fuel. All you have to do is pull your vehicle in your drive way or garage and plug it in to the charging inlet. It is very convenient to just wake up the next morning and have a fully charged vehicle that can go up to 100 miles. In addition they are cheaper to operate. Almost everywhere in the world, electricity is very cheap. So when you compare an electric vehicle to a regular car, the cost per mile to fuel an electric vehicle is approximately one-third to one-quarter the cost of gasoline (on a cost per mile basis). Nevertheless, owning a car is associated with the responsibility of maintaining it. Regular cars require frequent maintenance but this is not the case in electric cars. These cars do not suffer same level of stress as traditional engines acquire and do not require frequent oil changes and other regular maintenance. On the other hand, electric cars have a lot of disadvantages too. First of all the limited range of the electric cars is probably the biggest disadvantage. Most affordable electric cars only have about 80 to 100 miles of range. Which is not enough if you are for instance going on a long road trip. People who have electric cars need to properly plan, assuring that they will not go over the limited range. Not to mention, they also have a long refueling time. It is not like going to a gas station and adding a couple of hundred miles of range in five or ten minutes. To recharge a completely empty electric car would take about 10 hours depending on the voltage. With 120 volts (which is the current voltage in every house) it will take ten hours. With 240 volts it takes about four to five hours to fully charge the electric vehicle. Also, you would have to have the right place to charge your electric vehicle. You cannot go more than the car’s limit but you the right place to charge it. For instance people who are living in apartments cannot own electric cars because they do not have a garage to charge their vehicle. Big electric car companies have charging stations where you can get your vehicle fully charged in 1-2 hours but there are not a lot like gas stations. Furthermore the higher cost is probably what keeps people away from electric vehicles. The current electric cars are priced between 30. 000 and 40. 000 dollars. While you can buy, for instance the Honda Fit, Ford Focus etc. for less than 20,000 dollars. Last but not least, electric cars are costly to maintain and repair if there is a big problem with the car. Since electric cars are in a class of their own, owners may wind up paying more on repairs and maintenance because not every mechanic is trained to repair and maintain electric cars. In conclusion, when considering the pros and cons of electric cars, it is clear that there are some major advantages and disadvantages of owning an electric car. At the end, if these cars help people save a tremendous amount of money and help the environment, the pros of owning an electric car will outweigh all of the cons.

The Physics of a Quality Espresso Essay -- Process Physics Essays

The Physics of a Quality Espresso There are many ways to get a good cup of coffee—through perculators, gravity systems, and steeping fresh gounds. However, espresso, which is usually considered a finer beverage, is made by taking about two ounces of espresso grind (ground arabica beans) packed tightly into the head of an espresso machine, and submitting it to high pressured hot water. An espresso machine is designed to force a small amout of water through tightly packed, finely ground coffee. The idea is to pull the best flavored and most consistent espresso from the espresso blend. In order to achieve quality espresso certain physical processes have to take place—namely the passage of pressurized water through the espresso grind, heat transfer, and correct packing of espresso into the head of an espresso machine. Acording to Gourmet Retailer, a monthly publication devoted to gourmet foods and services, the right amount of pressure is required to make a quality espresso: â€Å"To create the perfect crema [espresso], the actual pressure should be between nine and eleven atm (or bar) when the hot water passes through the coffee† (52). Now, the actual pressure capacity of an espresso machine is usually out of the users control, but an explination of the physical concepts may be the first step in defining a quality espresso. In Physics a World View, Larry D. Kirkpatrick and Gereld F. Wheeler write: â€Å"Pressure is the force exerted on a surface divided by the area of the surface—that is, the force per unit area† (171). P = F / A This defeniton applies to gases, liquids, and solids. In the case of pressurized water in an espresso machine, for instance, if the water had thirty newtons of force and the espresso grind had... ...e and bitterness is pulled from the espresso. As I have shown, there are three major physical concepts surrounding a quality espresso. When the espresso machine has the correct pressure quantity (between nine and eleven bar), and the water is hot enough, you can get a quality espresso. But remember, if the barista running the machine has no concept of this, or really hasn’t had a lot of experience making gourmet coffee, then the espresso may not turn out as you like. A good espresso pack in the head of the machine is required for an excellent espresso. Works Cited â€Å"Coffee Centers & Espresso Machines.† Gourmet Retailer Feb. 2003: 52. Schomer, David C. Espresso Coffee: Professional Techniques. New York: Peanut Butter Publishing, 1996. 37. Kirkpatrick, Larry D. and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics a World View. Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. 171. The Physics of a Quality Espresso Essay -- Process Physics Essays The Physics of a Quality Espresso There are many ways to get a good cup of coffee—through perculators, gravity systems, and steeping fresh gounds. However, espresso, which is usually considered a finer beverage, is made by taking about two ounces of espresso grind (ground arabica beans) packed tightly into the head of an espresso machine, and submitting it to high pressured hot water. An espresso machine is designed to force a small amout of water through tightly packed, finely ground coffee. The idea is to pull the best flavored and most consistent espresso from the espresso blend. In order to achieve quality espresso certain physical processes have to take place—namely the passage of pressurized water through the espresso grind, heat transfer, and correct packing of espresso into the head of an espresso machine. Acording to Gourmet Retailer, a monthly publication devoted to gourmet foods and services, the right amount of pressure is required to make a quality espresso: â€Å"To create the perfect crema [espresso], the actual pressure should be between nine and eleven atm (or bar) when the hot water passes through the coffee† (52). Now, the actual pressure capacity of an espresso machine is usually out of the users control, but an explination of the physical concepts may be the first step in defining a quality espresso. In Physics a World View, Larry D. Kirkpatrick and Gereld F. Wheeler write: â€Å"Pressure is the force exerted on a surface divided by the area of the surface—that is, the force per unit area† (171). P = F / A This defeniton applies to gases, liquids, and solids. In the case of pressurized water in an espresso machine, for instance, if the water had thirty newtons of force and the espresso grind had... ...e and bitterness is pulled from the espresso. As I have shown, there are three major physical concepts surrounding a quality espresso. When the espresso machine has the correct pressure quantity (between nine and eleven bar), and the water is hot enough, you can get a quality espresso. But remember, if the barista running the machine has no concept of this, or really hasn’t had a lot of experience making gourmet coffee, then the espresso may not turn out as you like. A good espresso pack in the head of the machine is required for an excellent espresso. Works Cited â€Å"Coffee Centers & Espresso Machines.† Gourmet Retailer Feb. 2003: 52. Schomer, David C. Espresso Coffee: Professional Techniques. New York: Peanut Butter Publishing, 1996. 37. Kirkpatrick, Larry D. and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics a World View. Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. 171.

Television Soaps: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Representation :: essays research papers

Television Soaps: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Representation Soaps but more importantly music videos can be said to interrogate the cultural construction of gender and representations of identity. The video suggests a set of images to the viewer and usually these are a blurring of gender and identity. Music videos predicate on the representation of female gender experience. The two interrelated sign systems- access signs and discovery signs- will be discussed. Music clips that will be focused on are Madonna's ‘Burning Up', ‘Express Yourself', and ‘Justify My Love'. The singer, who has been labelled ‘Our Lady of MTV', has an amazing video appeal due to her play with gender and identity. No other single artist has produced as many mixed images as she has. Television soaps tend not to interrogate the construction of gender and the representation of identity. They do not seem to cross any boundaries. People watch soaps to relax and somehow relate, so if they were to experiment with the theatre of gender, it may be seen as a threat to viewers. Soapies usually have the males in typically male dominated occupations such as doctors, car salesmen and chefs. Women in soaps are usually secretaries or housewives. There does not seem to be any attempt for a switch of roles. Females are feminine, males masculine. There has been one exception, which was Kylie Minogue's character, Charlene, on Neighbours. She was a mechanic and tomboy. This is one of the few occasions where a soap has interrogated the cultural construction of gender and representation of identity. A music video is footage that accompanies a song. They can have a storyline related to the song, displays of images or simply focusing on the artist/s performing. Music video is forever crossing the lines of gender and identity. It is able to do this as it is seen as a form of art, therefore there is no threat to viewers. It is ironic that Boy George has said that â€Å"video was the worst thing to happen to music†, when he himself looked and acted like he was crossing the lines of gender and boundaries back in the 1980's. Madonna is most famous for creating videos with no boundaries for gender or identity. Most of the time, she deliberately plays with surfaces and masks. Madonna visual style engages and hyperbolises the discourse of femininity- she has bleached hair with dark roots, street smart image yet glamorous. Gender play is the mix and match of styles that flirt with the signifiers of sexual difference, and Madonna is always doing that. The three music videos of Madonna to be analysed Television Soaps: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Representation :: essays research papers Television Soaps: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Representation Soaps but more importantly music videos can be said to interrogate the cultural construction of gender and representations of identity. The video suggests a set of images to the viewer and usually these are a blurring of gender and identity. Music videos predicate on the representation of female gender experience. The two interrelated sign systems- access signs and discovery signs- will be discussed. Music clips that will be focused on are Madonna's ‘Burning Up', ‘Express Yourself', and ‘Justify My Love'. The singer, who has been labelled ‘Our Lady of MTV', has an amazing video appeal due to her play with gender and identity. No other single artist has produced as many mixed images as she has. Television soaps tend not to interrogate the construction of gender and the representation of identity. They do not seem to cross any boundaries. People watch soaps to relax and somehow relate, so if they were to experiment with the theatre of gender, it may be seen as a threat to viewers. Soapies usually have the males in typically male dominated occupations such as doctors, car salesmen and chefs. Women in soaps are usually secretaries or housewives. There does not seem to be any attempt for a switch of roles. Females are feminine, males masculine. There has been one exception, which was Kylie Minogue's character, Charlene, on Neighbours. She was a mechanic and tomboy. This is one of the few occasions where a soap has interrogated the cultural construction of gender and representation of identity. A music video is footage that accompanies a song. They can have a storyline related to the song, displays of images or simply focusing on the artist/s performing. Music video is forever crossing the lines of gender and identity. It is able to do this as it is seen as a form of art, therefore there is no threat to viewers. It is ironic that Boy George has said that â€Å"video was the worst thing to happen to music†, when he himself looked and acted like he was crossing the lines of gender and boundaries back in the 1980's. Madonna is most famous for creating videos with no boundaries for gender or identity. Most of the time, she deliberately plays with surfaces and masks. Madonna visual style engages and hyperbolises the discourse of femininity- she has bleached hair with dark roots, street smart image yet glamorous. Gender play is the mix and match of styles that flirt with the signifiers of sexual difference, and Madonna is always doing that. The three music videos of Madonna to be analysed

Leadership and multiple ways of looking at the world

Human nature is not an easy term to define, but every day’s activities of an individual revolve around the human nature of that person. The nature of a person may dictate such things as, how to handle various situations, how does one relate with others etc. Therefore human nature is both a product of physical environment of an individual and the biological aspects that a person might have inherited from the ancestors. A good person There are varied viewpoints on how one should be a good person. This is affected by the moral obligation of a person on how they perceive a good person to be and how they can achieve that. The society has got some moral standards that have been set which happens to be static and rigid (Schein, 1992). But with the gestalt that guides a good person, they happen to be flexible and dynamic. A good person will first envision a certain behavior, perform it and compare its outcome with what is the standard of the good. The outcome of the comparison will make the person consider whether taking the behavior or not. The choice is then made according to what fits the goodness described. Therefore, the judgment of a good person depends on how the individual takes that judgment. Moral behavior is an important concept of identity of a good person. Apart from moral uprightness, good character also is part of a good person. Within good characters, will obviously lay good moral behavior. To increase some good personalities in the organization, it is good to give rewards to those considered to be of good quality character. Many of the things that might come in mind when a person is asked about qualities of a good person are those who are kind, helpful, caring, understanding and patient. In most cases a just person will really try as much as possible to do to others what he/she might also want it done to them. This implies that rewards and punishment should be given where it is due supposed to be. Therefore people in a group who will show kindness and understanding to others deserve reward. These are people who in most cases will also be helpful to others and show patience whenever they feel that something is not going as much as they like. With rewarding this, it will increase the development of good characters as the physical environment rather than only depending on the inherited traits can also influence human nature. According to Schein (1992), rewards acts as an incentives of making people to learn. Therefore, people who show kindness to others and obey law also deserve reward. In many organization people have been subjected to reprisal actions because of being whistleblowers.   In any organization, if the management does not follow the laid down procedures and ethical behaviors there are high chances of employees with good characters to disclose such wrong doings. Many managers have developed the art of bureaucracy and autocracy in the organization that they don’t give room for the employees to give their views. But many people do not want to talk about their organizational problems in public due to the fact that they feel that it is dirty politicizing their organization (Morgan, 2004). There can be cases such as embezzlement of funds, mistreating of employees and favoritism in the organization. Such behaviors, especially fund embezzlement requires employees with a strong character who believes in upright morality to disclose the information or else, it may remain a silent matter and thus at the end hurt the organization. High & Low context Culture in the organization. High context culture refers to a situation where by a group of people in the society have had a close relationship spanning for a long period of time. In this culture, there is high emphasis on interpersonal relationships. With this kind of culture in place people develop a high sense of trust among themselves, putting personal interest aside and concentrating on the general interest of the group or society. The events in this culture can only can ony be understood in context, (Schein, 1992). On the other hand low context culture represents a society of people with so many connections but only spanning for a short period of time. In this culture, logic, factors and directness are highly valued. Therefore problems in the organization have to be lined up and then solve one after the other. Decisions concerning problems have to be based on the factors rather than intuition. There are various differences between the high and low context culture. In the high context culture, the group members have a long-term relationship with strong boundaries. They consider the relationship to be more important than the tasks performed. Contrary in the low context culture, it is characterized by shorter relationships with no strong boundaries, putting the tasks ahead of the relationship. According to Schein, group leaders sets the boundaries while the group members are the one to test the effectiveness of the boundaries. Another different between the two is the barrier to enter. High context’s strong boundaries create a big problem for any outsider to enter the relationship as compared to the low relationship, which allows for outsiders to enter easily. This is because the low context culture has a unidirectional culture as compared to the mutual casualty of high context. My workplace is an example of a low context culture. This is because of the following, it is not difficult to enter the organization as long as one has the required qualification and there is a vacancy, then equal chances of employment are given to all; the individuals output is highly considered than his/her relationship with the organization; there are objectives that the organization has to achieve, one after the other starting from the immediate objectives to long term; any decision made or arrived at has to be based on facts of the business environment. Social construction Reality. When people come together and interact for a certain period, they form a culture that arises because of the mode they decide to behave or influences certain behavior. In such cases, the behavior might lead to certain conventional rules of behavior differentiating this group from the other groups in the society. According to Morgan (2004), â€Å"when we talk of culture, we are usually referring to the pattern of development reflected in a society’s system of knowledge, ideology, values, laws, and day-to-day ritual†, (pp 116). In constructing the social realities, there are factors about certain behaviors that have been put in place, these have consists of objective factors. The constructing of social realities depends on both the physical and social realities. In physical reality, it represents a certain organization, for instance a workplace, school, or churches, while the social reality will consist of the inhabitants of the physical reality. The rules that are formed and followed by human being in the physical reality ends up affecting the whole original physical reality. For instance, when an organization puts down certain values embedded in the organization’s motto, it is not that it is the physical organization that brought about the motto, but rather that the humans just came up with the belief and have made it a universal belief. All those who will be coming after the original thinkers and proponents of the motto will also have to follow same suit and behave in the same manner. This kind of values of the organization governs its members. In continued development of the values, it forms the basis of the organizational culture. There is no any correct culture, as many organizations happen to compete each other.   Therefore, the correct culture is only that which helps the organization to achieve its goals and objectives (Schein, 1992). When an organization finds certain means of doing its duties to achieve the objectives it becomes now a habit for all of that community to follow same suit. This implies that it will be a habitualization of the organization to be performing those activities in that manner in future. The problem with habitualization in the organization is that it narrows down the other means of doing the same job in a different way that may be beneficial to the organization. Reference: Morgan. G (2004): Images of the Organization, Sage Publication Inc, ISBN 1412939798 Schein E. H (1992): Organizational Culture and, Leadership, Jossey-Bass, ISBN 1555424872.

The Legend of St. Patrick, the Patron Saint of Ireland

The Legend of St. Patrick, the Patron Saint of Ireland Patricks father, Calpornius, held both civic and clerical offices when Patrick was born to him in the late fourth century (c. A.D. 390). Although the family lived in the village of Bannavem Taberniaei, in Roman Britain, Patrick would one day become the most successful Christian missionary in Ireland, its patron saint, and the subject of legends. The Story of St. Patrick Patricks first encounter with the land to which he would devote his life was an unpleasant one. He was kidnapped at age 16, sent to Ireland (around County Mayo), and sold into slavery. While Patrick worked there as a shepherd, he developed a deep faith in God. One night, during his sleep, he was sent a vision of how to escape. So much he tells us in his autobiographical Confession. Unlike the work of the same name by the theologian, Augustine, Patricks Confession​ is short, with few statements of religious doctrine. In it, Patrick describes his British youth and his conversion, for although he was born to Christian parents, he did not consider himself Christian before his captivity. Another purpose of the document was to defend himself to the very church that had sent him to Ireland to convert his former captors. Years before Patrick wrote his Confession,​ he wrote an angry Letter to Coroticus, the British King of Alcluid (later called Strathclyde), in which he condemns him and his soldiers as compatriots of the demons because they had captured and slaughtered many of the Irish people Bishop Patrick had just baptized. Those they didnt kill would be sold to heathen Picts and Scots. Although personal, emotional, religious, and biographical, these two pieces and Gildas Bandonicus Concerning the Ruin of Britain (De Excidio Britanniae) provide the main historical sources for fifth-century Britain. Upon Patricks escape from his approximately six years of slavery, he went back to Britain, and then to Gaul where he studied under St. Germain, bishop of Auxerre, for 12 years before returning again to Britain. There he felt a calling to return as a missionary to Ireland. He stayed in Ireland for another 30 years, converting, baptizing, and setting up monasteries. Various legends have grown up concerning St. Patrick, the most popular of the Irish saints. St. Patrick was not well-educated, a fact he attributes to early captivity. Due to this, it was with some reluctance that he was sent as a missionary to Ireland, and only after the first missionary, Palladius, had died. Perhaps its because of his informal schooling in the meadows with his sheep that he came up with the clever analogy between the three leaves of the shamrock and the Holy Trinity. At any rate, this lesson is one explanation for why St. Patrick is associated with a shamrock. St. Patrick is also credited with driving the snakes out of Ireland. There were probably no snakes in Ireland for him to drive out, and it is very likely that the story was meant to be symbolic. Since he converted the heathen, the snakes are thought to stand for the pagan beliefs or evil. Where he was buried is a mystery. Among other places, a chapel to St. Patrick at Glastonbury claims he was interred there. A shrine in County Down, Ireland, claims to possess a jawbone of the saint which is requested for childbirth, epileptic fits, and to avert the evil eye. While we dont know exactly when he was born or died, this Roman British saint is honored by the Irish, especially in the United States, on March 17 with parades, green beer, cabbage, corned beef, and general revelry. While there is a parade in Dublin as the culmination of a week of festivities, Irish celebrations on St. Patricks Day itself are predominantly religious. Sources Sub-Roman Britain: An IntroductionGildas: from Concerning the Ruin of Britain (De Excidio Britanniae)From Medieval Sourcebook, chapters 23-26 of Gildas work on the fall of Britain.Ecole Glossary entry on Gildas the Wise

My Work Experience Essay Essay Example

My Work Experience Essay Essay Example My Work Experience Essay Paper My Work Experience Essay Paper Previous Job Experience Essay During the summer holiday, I kept thinking about what sort of work I was going to get as it was not fully confirmed before I left for the summer holidays. I received a letter from the school explaining where I was going to be working and my Job Description and Hours, etc. The company I was going to be working for was Jacobs Babtie which is one of the leading technical and management consultancies operating in transport and development, environment, property and structures, and partnerships and outsourcing markets both in the UK and internationally. During my Working Experience The job description was very unattractive as it described that I was going to be putting PC input which was okay but then carried explaining printing maps, photocopying, etc which I rather boring. Right from the start I wanted a place related with computers, so where did they place me a place related with computer. In some ways I was looking forward to be working with computers but in some ways I dint want to go as it dint like doing photocopying or printing all day. During My Work Experience So here it came, the day I was going to work for the first time. I woke up at 7:30 as my start was at 9:30 and finished at 3:30 which I liked. While I was getting ready and eating my breakfast I kept trying to picture on what I was going to do and how my first day would go. Firstly I went in and was introduced by Jatinder Thandi who was going to look after me for the next two weeks. With Jatinder I went around the building and introduced me to other people. The building was split into two, one an office and the other a lab which took me by surprise. Basically until lunch which was at 2 oclock I walked around getting to no the place. After Lunch Jatinder introduced the programs they used which was linked with maps which I just looked into and messed with. That was It my first day finished. The only thing that came to my mind was at last. I was really looking forward to the next day but like I school I knew I had to be there. I was introduced by the health safety inspector who showed me around where the fire exits where and other information I needed to know. The place was very chilled out as you could start work went you wanted and have break and lunch anytime, it wasnt strict at all which was good. The second day I didnt really start work straight, I just sat on the computer playing about with it which they dint really mind as no one really did any work. After a while I was given a sheet full of pot holes where I had to find from using a program called GWings which is full of maps. Basically on the sheet would be where the potholes where and I would have to plot them on GWings. All through that day I carried on plotting which passed my time and had finished the day. All through the week except for Friday I was given the same thing to do which was given the same thing to do which was plotting potholes into the database. Jatinder and other staff would check on me if I was aright. As they had an inspector which would go out investigating the roads they had loads of sheets coming in everyday which would keep be busy everyday. On Friday I thought I would be doing the old boring thing but Jatinder decided that he would give me change and send me next door which was the lab, firstly I wasnt too happy as I didnt have the right dress code and would get my hands dirty but any way I dint complain. The lab would experiment the tarmac and gravel thy put on the floor to see if it was okay and suitable. A person would go out there and basically slice a hole which they would investigate. There was about 5 people working in the lab and for the first hour I just stood there working out and watching what they were doing. After a while I got stuck in there and my part was to sieve a pile of stones so they could experiment the stone as sizes not all being mixed up. I was given the job the duty of sieving all day, which in some ways I like it as I gained a different experience and in some ways I dint because it was filthy work. That was it my first week over and it was a tough one as well but gained a lot of experience. The second week I got use to the place and people as after the first week I built my confidence as at the beginning I was nervous and shy but as it went along I use to chat with the other colleagues at lunch and so on. The second week was basically the same I went back to the computer and was given a new task which was almost the same as plotting the potholes but more into depth. Again I was given a sheet with the place and street and so on where the pothole was but this time I had to write on Microsoft Excel as a database where the pot hole was, the grid reverence number, when the pothole was found and the notes about it such as how deep and how damaging it was. I on the whole got on with this and having breaks every hour which was advised for my eyes and I would just read the newspaper or something. For the next three days I continued with that and produced and evaluation with this. Now it was Thursday and had go use to the routine of getting to work at 9:30 and doing the work. Same as last week I was given a change and went into the lab and now they got use to me and I got use to the work so I got on with the work and they expected me to be like any other worker so I was rushed of to my feet that day. After Work Experience Not knowing Thursday was going to be my last day I had a great time and learned many skills. In some way I felt really happy I wasnt going to be doing that work again but in some ways I felt bad not going on the last day. I found the work experience to be a very good learning experience. This week has shown me how different working in the real world is compared to school. The working day is longer and I now feel that the school hours are much easier to cope with. I am quite pleased with what I have done this week and I will leave with new skills. I have developed many new skills both technical knowledge and personal skills.

How to Conjugate the French Verb Montrer (to Show)

How to Conjugate the French Verb Montrer (to Show) Montrer,  (to show, display, produce, exhibit)  is a  regular French  -er  verb, which means it belongs to the largest group of verbs in the French language. They share conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods. Montrer Is a Regular -er Verb To use à ©tudier,  begin by removing the  -er  ending from the infinitive. This reveals the stem of the verb. Then to conjugate the verb, add the endings (shown in the table below) to the stem. Note that the table lists only simple conjugations. Compound conjugations, which consist of a form of the auxiliary verb  avoir  and the past participle montrà ©, are not included. Generally speaking, the five largest categories of verbs in French are: regular  -er, -ir  and  -re; stem-changing; and irregular. Once you  learn the rules of conjugation for each kind of regular verb, you should have no problem actually  conjugating  them. The largest category of French verbs is by far regular  -er  verbs. Montrer: Uses and Expressions Montrez-moi votre billet. Show me your ticket.Picasso montrait son chef dÅ“uvre Paris. Picasso exhibited his masterpiece in Paris.Jai montrà © Marie au docteur.  (familiar)  Ã‚  I had the doctor take a look at Marie.montrer le poing quelquun to shake ones fist at someonemontrer patte blanche to produce ones credentialsmontrer ses cartes to show ones handIl a montrà © la richesse extraordinaire de sa famille. He flaunted his familys extraordinary wealth.montrer la sortie to point out the exità §a montre bien que... it just goes to show that...se montrer [pronominal] to appear (in public)Je ne peux pas me montrer dans cet à ©tat  ! I cant let people see me like this.se montrer son avantage to show oneself in a good lightElle adore se montrer. She loves to be seen (in public).se montrer  dun  grand  Ãƒ ©goà ¯sme to display great selfishness Common French Regular -er Verbs   aimer  Ã‚  to like, to lovearriver  Ã‚  to arrive, to happenchanter  Ã‚  to singchercher  Ã‚  to look forcommencer  Ã‚  to begindanser  Ã‚  to dancedemander  Ã‚  to ask fordà ©penser  Ã‚  to spend (money)dà ©tester  Ã‚  to hatedonner  Ã‚  to giveà ©couter  Ã‚  to listen toà ©tudier  Ã‚  to studyfermer  Ã‚  to closegoà »ter  Ã‚  to tastejouer  Ã‚  to playlaver  Ã‚  to washmanger  Ã‚  to eatnager  Ã‚  to swimparler  Ã‚  to talk, to speakpasser  Ã‚  to pass, spend (time)penser  Ã‚  to thinkporter  Ã‚  to wear, to carryregarder  Ã‚  to watch, to look atrà ªver  Ã‚  to dreamsembler  Ã‚  to seemskier  Ã‚  to skitravailler  Ã‚  to worktrouver  Ã‚  to findvisiter  Ã‚  to visit (a place)voler  Ã‚  to fly, to steal Simple Conjugations of the Regular French Verb Montrer Present Future Imperfect Present participle je montre montrerai montrais montrant tu montres montreras montrais il montre montrera montrait nous montrons montrerons montrions vous montrez montrerez montriez ils montrent montreront montraient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle montr Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je montre montrerais montrai montrasse tu montres montrerais montras montrasses il montre montrerait montra montrt nous montrions montrerions montrmes montrassions vous montriez montreriez montrtes montrassiez ils montrent montreraient montrrent montrassent Imperative tu montre nous montrons vous montrez

Individual report of Digital Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Individual report of Digital Marketing - Essay Example However, the industry has seen a demand upsurge in recent years for outbound holiday travel packages, especially as the pound has strengthened. In spite of the revenue contractions in the industry for the year 2011-2012, the sector is expected to post a 0.6% compound annual growth through 2015-2016. The strongest focus has been on online travel sales, which accounted for over 50% of total travel sales in 2013 (euromonitor.com, 2014: p1). Indeed, customers are increasingly turning to the internet for information on travel destinations in order to make informed decisions. Thus, a digital marketing strategy will be essential for tour and travel operators going forward. The UK political environment is relatively stable, which has a positive impact on potential clients. Border policy and resultant entry fees is also a factor affecting the UK travel sectors with shorter 3-month group visas at reduced costs being a positive factor for the sector (ibisworld.co.uk, 2015: p1). In addition, the UK government and governments in countries that are favoured by UK travel tourists, such as Australia and South Africa, are implementing environmental policies that may impact on the travel sector. Finally, terrorist threats on UK citizens may also portend a specific risk for the industry. The global financial and economic crises affected countries like the UK significantly, which has resulted in reduced travel by UK consumers due to purchasing power pressures and uncertainty about employment (ibisworld.co.uk, 2015: p1). However, the strengthening pound in relation to other major world currencies has increased the spending power of outbound travel clients from the UK. Declining inflation in the UK and the wider EU region has also meant that costs for travelling in the UK have reduced. Increasing concerns about sustainability in the travels and tours industry, especially in

Capstone week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capstone week 4 - Essay Example In the old days, before the Internet, the most sexually explicit photos that children saw were in the National Geographic Magazine. Pictures of tribes of people who wore no clothes were seen as exciting because they were naked. However, today, with the ability of the Internet to capture anything, anywhere, and anytime, children are exposed to way more than naked people; they are exposed to some of the most disturbing pornography that was ever done. We cannot only blame the Internet, because cable TV has also given children access to hardcore pornography (porn). Children are able to find porn sites with only a few mouse clicks, and if parents have not locked porn sites from cable or other cable-like networks, children can have aces 24 hours a day. The effect of porn on children is a gap in the literature because of many reasons. Children and teens are often brought up on homes where talking about sex is taboo which makes them reluctant to talk about their sexual thoughts or their habi ts. Also, empirical studies have not been done because of the ethical and dilemmas in setting up a study where children and teens are shown porn (Haney, 2006).

Strategic analysis of Acer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic analysis of Acer - Essay Example Acer has since been the third largest computer manufacturing company in the world holding 9.5% of the market share, with its growth being experienced outside USA mature market, largely in emerging nations. The peripherals and PC industry is very competitive and Acer has maintained growth since 1999 with significant growth in revenues. The key competitors in the market include Dell, HP and Lenovo; however there is a fragmentation of the market with 46% of it owned by brands which have market share of less than 4% each. Acer seeks to increase its market share through release of premium PCs under Ferrari brand and expansion in LCD TVs with BenQ brand (Unruh & Ettenson, 2010). This paper seeks to give a detailed report of strategic analysis of Acer Inc. The paper will analyze the environment in which Acer functions and identify the opportunities and threats to which it might expect to have to respond. This will be done through environmental analysis (PESTLE, Porter’s Five Forces, and SWOT). The report will also make analyses of the resources and key capabilities of the company plus the factors that give the company its competitive advantage. This will be done through assessing the Industry Critical Success Factors, analyzing resources and capabilities and link the generic strategy. Finally the paper will assess the extent to which Acer’s existing strategies match its environment and suggest improvements where there is a justification. This will be done through looking at the company’s strategy within its environment and use of the J and S three tests (suitability, acceptability, feasibility and suggested improvements. There will be a final management summary, conclusion and recommendations to the company and sample diagrams of the models of market and environment analysis. Acer is the third largest manufacturer of electronics (PC) in the world using a transnational strategy for procuring its components in order to maintain cost leadership.

1.the emperor and the assassin 2.Hero Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

1.the emperor and the assassin 2.Hero - Thesis Example The king’s personality developed from his childhood when he was growing up. Chen Kaige’s character analysis can be extended to an analysis of the Chinese culture. The film has addressed many issues that haunt Chinese culture up to date. It addresses issues such as the value of an individual in a highly populated country, issues of betrayals in politics, and assassinations. The film ‘Hero’ offers a Taoist take on the first emperor’s rule. Taoism is the guiding principle of Chinese activities. The film ‘hero’ conveys Taoism by portraying the human world and natural world as one. By embracing the world, one sees only friends and not enemies. A Taoist faces anything without emotion. The film presents beautiful scenes and images in line with Taoist aesthetics. The images are simple in color and the landscapes are mono colored. The swordsmen wear robes that have a color similar to the landscape. In the entire movie, there are no flowers or delicate things as is expected in a royal palace. The king is the hero every dynasty represents earth, wood, metal, water, and fire (Li

Human Resource Management in Downsizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resource Management in Downsizing - Essay Example Despite so many rounds of restructuring, announcing another one has blown off the whole motivation towards work into air. Commitment to organizational objectives is crucial to maintain in such conditions. Commitment refers to attachment and loyalty. It represents the identification of an individual with and involvement in the organization. It consists of the following factors; The behavior towards the organization also needs to be managed. The visibility of acts, the extent to which the outcomes are irrevocable and the degree to which the person undertakes the action voluntarily are important features of behavior. Organizations, such as our bank, are facing increased competition and structural change. They are more conscious to get people to identify themselves more closely with the company. To meet these needs, three ways of representing commitments have been identified that are; affective, continuance and normative. Affective commitment deals with the emotional attachments. Continuance commitment is when employee(s) stays with an organization based on his/her perceived cost of staying i.e. the cost of going in search for a new job might be more. Normative commitment refers to the moral commitment of an employee to the organization. Thought all three might look similar, they have very different impacts on the manner the employee refers himself with respect to the organization. We need to inculcate the affective commitment in the employees of our bank to restore productivity and motivation to work effectively for the success of the company. If we are successful in this, we will have a better workforce with less absenteeism; a workforce that is willing to go beyond what is desired out of their job. They are more eager to assist the organization to achieve its goals and objectives. These types of employees tend to show more motivation and organizational citizenship. With the passage of time, the employees have become a part of the bank. They have developed psychological contracts with the bank. This is like forming a relational link; not based on the monetary and/or economic incentives but on their perceived loyalty and socialization within the bank that they have been continuously feeling and practicing over so many years. Whenever going for downsizing i.e. restructuring the organization, effective communication is always beneficial. Applying a vision oriented approach, while downsizing, complimented with good and effective communication will lower the feeling of being deceived by the management. The strategic management of human resource behaviors will avoid the "Survivors" to have a decreasing level of productivity due to their perceived gap between them and the top management group. Organizational overall future success is highly dependant on these survivors and there attitudes towards the company. These employees think that now they cannot count on a longer/continuous commitment from the bank management. These remaining people are a critical

1.the emperor and the assassin 2.Hero Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

1.the emperor and the assassin 2.Hero - Thesis Example The king’s personality developed from his childhood when he was growing up. Chen Kaige’s character analysis can be extended to an analysis of the Chinese culture. The film has addressed many issues that haunt Chinese culture up to date. It addresses issues such as the value of an individual in a highly populated country, issues of betrayals in politics, and assassinations. The film ‘Hero’ offers a Taoist take on the first emperor’s rule. Taoism is the guiding principle of Chinese activities. The film ‘hero’ conveys Taoism by portraying the human world and natural world as one. By embracing the world, one sees only friends and not enemies. A Taoist faces anything without emotion. The film presents beautiful scenes and images in line with Taoist aesthetics. The images are simple in color and the landscapes are mono colored. The swordsmen wear robes that have a color similar to the landscape. In the entire movie, there are no flowers or delicate things as is expected in a royal palace. The king is the hero every dynasty represents earth, wood, metal, water, and fire (Li

How to be happy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to be happy - Essay Example The quote illustrates the differences in perceptions, the complexities in the society and peace of mind that results from personal fulfillment. Equally, people have particular hobbies and leisure activities. There is no point in life that someone’s view of life or actions shall please everyone. It is in this context that the quote becomes handy by telling people to take responsibility for their happiness. The society will always find a fault in someone’s actions, dressing, education levels, or development. It is imperative to practice what you feel comfortable in and aim to make life enjoyable. The society has mixed characters, and we have to learn to accommodate everyone without hurting our feelings. Some people appreciate our efforts while others are jealous of every progress. Therefore, to be happy people should not care about others views so long as the actions are right. Happiness emanates from an individual’s satisfaction with him/herself. Hence, persons should act according to their principles to reduce instances of stress, acquire life fulfillment and happiness. Precisely, life is a cycle. The actions we undertake in the present shall influence our future. However, it is important to incorporate the aspect of one’s happiness in the pursuit of good health and long life. It is also essential to note that we are responsible for our happiness. We may end up living a boring and stressful life if we seek happiness from other persons. Therefore, take action to improve and appreciate yourself.

The Forgotten Group Member Essay Example for Free

The Forgotten Group Member Essay Identify and summarize the stages of group development According to the text, Christine and the group are in the stages of conflict as shown in figure 10.2, Antecedents, Felt conflict, Manifest conflict, Conflict resolution, and Conflict suppression. Professor Thiel assigns each group a task to be evaluated by their peers. Mike seems a little distant at the first meeting and never wanting to join the group. When Mike bumped into them at school having lunch, he would give them a vague look. They never spoke to him or the professor about this situation. Identify Key Problems The primary problem for the group is their class members will be evaluating how they dealt with problem at hand and Mike isn’t making it any better by not cooperating or corresponding with the team. The secondary problem is Christine and the group is trying to deal with Mike without the Professor being involved. Christine and the team should have noticed how distant Mike was during the first meeting. They should have gone to Professor Thiel after he declined and came up with an excuse not to attend any meetings, knowing he would affect their overall grade. Given that there is no â€Å"one perfect solution† for this situation, identify, describe, and defend two possible solutions to the primary problem(s). The class was put into groups to complete a task which will be evaluated. Mike never wanted to participate in the group meetings; he gave Christine notes on their project. Everyone in their group was capable of carrying on without Mike. If they didn’t have his i nput and cooperation they were to discuss the matter with the professor. According to the text, Christine compromised with him, trying to get him to meet with the rest of the group. She done everything she could to empathize with him regarding his girlfriend. Christine and the group should have gone to the professor about their problem first, now, if they were to handle this problem on their own. They should have voted on removing Mike from the team and continue on with their project. This would have been the answer or solution to their task at hand and possibly receives a good grade. Discuss whether Christine was an effective group leader in this case. Why or why not? Christine could have been stricter toward Mike, being this was a class project and he had no regard for the next person. She should have brought this to the Professor’s attention and dismissed him. Christine should have given Mike certain tasks to do and have him to turn them to her or drop it off to one of the other team members, this would show that he was trying and putting out on his share of the work. Having him to complete these tasks possibly would bring him from being so distant from them. These tasks for Mike could work toward her advantage and she wouldn’t be up worrying.

Risk Analysis And Vulnerability Information Technology Essay

Risk Analysis And Vulnerability Information Technology Essay The term risk management has been established in the last twenty years as an evolution of the term insurance management. The field of risk management includes a huge variety of activities and responsibilities than does insurance management. Risk management is now a widely accepted description of a discipline within most large organizations. Common risks such as building catastrophes, personnel injuries, and automobile accidents, as well as more major threats like product liability, environmental impairment, and employment practices, are the fields of the risk management department in a typical corporation. Although risk management has usually to do with property and loss, nowadays it is considerate to include financial risk management, such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and derivatives, but also new types of risks that businesses expose themselves in E-commerce. As the role of risk management has increased, some large companies have begun invest in large-scale programs k nown as enterprise risk management. Risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and taking measures to decrease the exposures to threats towards organization. Risk management uses many techniques, to manage a multiple risks. Every business faces risks, some of which are easy to predict and under special managers control, and others which are apart from unpredictable, are also uncontrollable. Risk management is important for all kind of businesses. More specific, for small businesses, there are many types of threats, such as theft, fire, flood, legal liability, injury, or disability, which can cause serious economical damage, even bankruptcy. These kinds of losses and liabilities can affect companys operations and decrease its profits at very low even to zero level. On the other hand, many large companies are able to hire a risk manager to predict risks and execute a plan to protect the firm against them; unlikely to smaller companies, they dont include a risk manager in their annual budget. Instead, the handling of the threat probably will come from small business owner. ANALYSIS Risk assessment involves the integration of threat, vulnerability, and consequence information. Risk management involves deciding which protective measures to take based on an agreed upon risk reduction strategy. Many models/methodologies have been developed by which threats, vulnerabilities, and risks are integrated and then used to inform the allocation of resources to reduce those risks. Threat Assessment A threat assessment is the first thing to examine in a risk management plan. A variety of threats are being considered in a threat assessment considers such us natural, criminal, terrorist, accidental, etc. for specific facility or location. In order to evaluate the possibility of occurrence for each threat, the assessment should examine all types of information needed. For natural threats, a risk manager should determine the credibility of the given threat by using historical data concerning frequency of occurrence for given natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, fire, or earthquakes. For criminal threats, the facility maybe is threatened from many types of criminal activities and that is why a risk manager should examine the crime rates in the surrounding area. Of course, the type of assets and activity which are taking place in the facility may also increase the possibility of a criminal attack by external or even internal aggressors. Furthermore the type of assets and activity which are taking place in the facility will also relate directly to the possibility of different types of accidents. For example, if heavy industrial machinery are utilized by employees, then they will be at higher risk for serious or life-threatening accidents than employees in a typical office building. For terrorist threats, the attractiveness of the facility as a target is a major consideration. In addition, the type of terrorist act may vary based on the potential adversary and the method of attack most likely to be successful for a given scenario. In general, the likelihood of terrorist attacks cannot be quantified statistically since terrorism is, by its very nature, random. Hence, when considering terrorist threats, the concept of developing credible threat packages is important. To determine vulnerabilities, use the matrix to interview personnel, review previous security incidents, and examine audit and system records and system documentation. Contact vendors for reports of known system vulnerabilities, check advisory Web sites and look for security issues by using automated tools. Then, evaluate the vulnerabilities while considering their number and nature and any countermeasures in place (discussed further next week). Using the matrix, what vulnerabilities exist in the organizations physical areas as applied to information security? Analyze findings from your observations and personnel interviews, risk assessment and historical site surveys, reviews of written and informal procedures and audit trail data, and any other research, like diagrams, practice drills, etc. Using these findings, determine what vulnerabilities exist in the organizations administration, policies and documentation area, and in the organizations personnel practices. Consider the organizations communications/network connectivity and in the computer system itself. Once the threat levels have been identified and quantified, evaluate the vulnerability. B. Vulnerability Assessment After identifying all existing threats, we have to perform a vulnerability assessment. Vulnerability assessment evaluates the impact of loss that any pre reported threat can cause after a successful attack. The evaluated degree of the damage that emanatates from such an attack is determined by Impact of loss. For achieving the properly definition of the impact of loss a threat is able to cause, a key component is needed. Each facility must be examined on its owned definitions. Below we can see some definitions for impact of loss in a company that serves the public. Devastating: In this case the facility is damaged and there is a need of repair in most of its items or assets. For that reason, the organization is forced to reduce the number of visitors in a certain degree for several period of time. Severe: In this case a part of the facility has been damaged or partially contaminated because of several events such as fire, extreme rain, smoke etc. Examples include partial structure breach resulting in weather/water, smoke, impact, or fire damage to some areas. Some items/assets in the facility are damaged beyond repair, but the facility remains mostly intact. The entire facility may be closed for a period of up to two weeks and a portion of the facility may be closed for an extended period of time (more than one month). Some assets may need to be moved to remote locations to protect them from environmental damage. The number of visitors to the facility and others in the organization may be reduced by up to 50% for a limited period of time. Noticeable: The facility is temporarily closed or unable to operate, but can continue without an interruption of more than one day. A limited number of assets may be damaged, but the majority of the facility is not affected. The number of visitors to the facility and others in the organization may be reduced by up to 25% for a limited period of time. Minor: The facility experiences no significant impact on operations (downtime is less than four hours) and there is no loss of major assets. C. Risk Analysis Vulnerability A combination of the impact of loss rating and the vulnerability rating can be used to evaluate the potential risk to the facility from a given threat. Vulnerability is defined to be a combination of the attractiveness of a facility as a target and the level of deterrence and/or defense provided by the existing countermeasures. Target attractiveness is a measure of the asset or facility in the eyes of an aggressor and is influenced by the function and/or symbolic importance of the facility. Sample definitions for risk ratings are as follows: Very High: This is a high profile facility that provides a very attractive target for potential adversaries, and the level of deterrence and/or defense provided by the existing countermeasures is inadequate. Countermeasures recommended to mitigate these risks should be implemented as soon as possible. High: This is a high profile regional facility or a moderate profile national facility that provides an attractive target and/or the level of deterrence and/or defense provided by the existing countermeasures is inadequate. Countermeasures recommended to mitigate these risks should be implemented as soon as possible. Moderate: This is a moderate profile facility (not well known outside the local area or region) that provides a potential target and/or the level of deterrence and/or defense provided by the existing countermeasures is marginally adequate. Countermeasure implementation should be planned in the near future Low: This is not a high profile facility and provides a possible target and/or the level of deterrence and/or defense provided by the existing countermeasures is adequate. Countermeasure implementation will enhance security, but is of less urgency than the above risks. The vulnerability assessment may also include detailed analysis of the potential impact of loss from an explosive, chemical, or biological attack. Professionals with specific training and experience in these areas are required to perform these detailed analyses. A sample of the type of output that can be generated by a detailed explosive analysis can also be shown graphically. A graphic representation of the potential damage to a facility from an explosive attack allows a building owner to quickly interpret the results of the analysis, although a more fully detailed and quantitative engineering response would be required to design a retrofit upgrade. In addition, similar representations can be used to depict the response of an upgraded facility to the same explosive threat. This allows a building owner to interpret the potential benefit that can be achieved by implementing various structural upgrades to the building frame, wall, roof, and/or windows. D. Upgrade Recommendations Based on the findings from the risk analysis, the next step in the process is to identify countermeasure upgrades that will lower the various levels of risk. If minimum standard countermeasures for a given facility level are not currently present, these countermeasures should automatically be included in the upgrade recommendations. Additional countermeasure upgrades above the minimum standards should be recommended as necessary to address the specific threats identified for the facility. The estimated capital cost of implementing the recommended countermeasures is usually provided in the threat/vulnerability assessment report. The estimated installation and operating costs for the recommended countermeasures are also usually provided in the threat/vulnerability assessment report. All operating costs are customarily estimated on a per year basis. E. Re-Evaluation of Risks The implementation of the recommended security and/or structural upgrades should have a positive effect on the impact of loss and/or the vulnerability ratings for each threat. The final step in the process is to re-evaluate these two ratings for each threat in light of the recommended upgrades. Using an exterior explosive threat as an example, the installation of window retrofits (i.e., security window film, laminated glass, etc.) will not prevent the explosive attack from occurring, but it should reduce the impact of loss/injury caused by hazardous flying glass. Therefore, the impact of loss rating for an explosive threat would improve, but the vulnerability rating would stay the same. CONCLUSION A Generic Model for Assessing and Integrating Threat, Vulnerability, and Risk Many models/methodologies have been developed by which threats, vulnerabilities, and risks are integrated and then used to inform the cost-effective allocation of resources to reduce those risks. For this report, CRS reviewed vulnerability assessment models or methodologies, including some developed and used, to varying degrees, in certain selected sectors SUGGESTIONS Using Assessments to Identify and Prioritize Risk Reduction Activities. Identify Ways to Reduce Risk. Risks can be reduced in a number of ways: by reducing threats (e.g. through eliminating or intercepting the adversary before he strikes); by reducing vulnerabilities (e.g. harden or toughen the asset to withstand the attack); or, by reducing the impact or consequences (e.g. build back-ups systems or isolate facilities from major populations). For each potential countermeasure, the benefit in risk reduction should also be determined.26 More than one countermeasure may exist for a particular asset, or one countermeasure may reduce the risk for a number of assets. Multiple countermeasures should be assessed together to determine their net effects. The analyst should also assess the feasibility of the countermeasure. The cost of each countermeasure must also be determined. Costs, too, are multidimensional. There may be up-front financial costs with associated materials, equipment, installation, and training. There are also longer term operational costs of the new protective measures, including maintenance and repair. There may also be operational costs associated with changes to overall operations. Costs also include time and impact on staff, customers, and vendors, etc. Expenditures on the protection of assets also results in opportunity costs, i.e. costs associated with not being able to invest those resources in something else. Prioritize and Decide In What to Invest. Once a set of countermeasures have been assessed and characterized by their impact on risk, feasibility, and cost, priorities may be set. Decision makers would have to come to a consensus on which risk reduction strategy to use to set priorities. Most of the methods reviewed suggest a cost-effective selection process (i.e. implementation of the risk-reduction method(s) should not cost more than the benefit derivedby the reduced risk). Cost-effectiveness could also imply that the country invest in risk reduction to the point where the marginal cost to society equals the marginal benefit. Alternatively, given a fixed budget, cost-effectiveness might imply investing in protections that maximize the benefits for that investment. Countermeasures that lower risk to a number of assets may prove to be most cost-effective. Also, focusing attention on those assets associated with the highest risks may yield the greatest risk reduction and be one way to implement a cost effective approach. While cost-effectiveness is usually the recommended measure for setting priorities, decision makers may use others. For example, decision makers may be risk averse. In other words, even if the chance of an attack is small, or the potential target is not particularly vulnerable, the consequences may be too adverse to contemplate. In this case, decision makers may wish to bear the costs of additional protection that exceed the expected reduction in risk. Roper notes, however, that, in general, protection costs should not exceed a reasonable percentage of the total value of the asset.2 Another measure by which to select protective actions might be to favor maximizing the number or geographical distribution of assets for which risks are reduced. Alternatively, decision makers might want to focus efforts on reducing a specific threat scenario (e.g. dirty bombs) or protecting specific targets (e.g. events where large numbers of people attend). The electric utility checklist states that the ultimate goal of risk management is to select and implement security improvements to achieve an acceptable level of risk at an acceptable cost. The concept of acceptable risk is mentioned in a number of methodologies, and it needs to be determined by decision makers After selecting which protective measures to pursue, programs, responsibilities, and mechanisms for implementing them must be established. Many of the reviewed methodologies conclude with the recommendation to revisit the analysis on a regular basis.

Is TV Harming America? :: essays research papers

Those who proclaim that television is harming society may be too quick to judge television, in fact in some ways TV can help society. One only has to look at programs such as America’s Most Wanted and Unsolved Mysteries, they may often be on the corny side, however America’s Most Wanted has helped authorities capture many wanted fugitives. News programs have gotten more and more graphic in recent years, but the amount of information given on the news has increased substaintially as well. As a nation, we watched the Gulf War, the Clinton Impechment proceedings, the Clarence Thomas hearings and several other pivotal news stories that we otherwise would not have had such access to without television. Children’s shows run the gamut from programs such as Power Rangers to Sesame Street. Few would argue that shows such as Sesame Street and Mr. Roger’s Neighborhood are damaging our youth. With a little parental supervision the harmful aspects of television can be avoided, there are useful and educational shows available for children to watch. Some of my nephew’s favorite shows are Arthur, Blue’s Clue’s, Sesame Street, he’s even at an age now where he will tell me to change the channel when it’s time for Arthur to come on. Some critics have said that advertisers are brainwashing our children, that may be true on some level. However, ultimately it’s not the child that runs out to Toy’s R Us and purchases the toys that are hocked constantly on television; the parents have control of the checkbook and should therefore establish some rules about commercials. Unfortunatley, advertisements are unavoidable these day’s, they are everywhere, not just TV, they can be heard on the radio, there are billboards everywhere you look.

America Must Explore Alternate Energy Sources and Cease Dealing with th

America Must Explore Alternate Energy Sources and Cease Dealing with the Corrupt Saudi Government When Mohammed al-Khilewi, a high-ranking official at the Saudi mission to the United Nations, defected to the United States in 1994, he reportedly brought with him fourteen thousand internal government documents. He claimed that these documents proved the Saudi royal family's corruption, human rights abuses, and financial and technical support for terrorist groups such as Hamas, an anti-Israeli group based in Lebanon, and Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda. Al-Khilewi and his lawyer met with two FBI agents and an assistant United States attorney. "We gave them a sampling of the documents and put them on the table," Michael J. Wildes, al-Khilewi's lawyer, said. "But the agents refused to accept them" (Hersh). Al-Khilewi was granted political asylum and never heard from the American government again. He, his wife, and their three children still live in constant fear of reprisals from the long arm of Saudi intelligence. He now wears a bulletproof vest and is constantly bracketed by bodyguards and lives under a false identity. This is an example of the growing American tolerance for Saudi government transgressions. Saudi princes "squander billions of dollars [from the Saudi coffers] on palaces in Spain and at gaming tables in Monaco"(Cockburn) while the Saudi people suffer severe unemployment and inadequate education, a major issue in a nation in which 50 percent of the population is still in school. Religious dissidents are dealt with brutally and quickly in Saudi Arabia by the mutawwa'in&emdash;religious police&emdash;and Saudi women are kept as secluded and unprivileged as those in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. ... ...ays and human rights atrocities without fear of punishment. Works Cited Cockburn, Leslie, and Andrew Cockburn. "Royal Mess." New Yorker online. 28 Nov. 1994.Available<www.newyorker.com/FROM_THE_ARCHIVE/ARCHIVES/?011015fr_archive01> 30 Dec. 2001. Hersh, Seymour M. "King's Ransom." New Yorker online. 22 Oct. 2001. Available <http://newyorker.com/FACT/?011022fa_FACT1> 30 Dec. 2001. Ireland, Doug. "Taking the Bait." In These Times online. 12 Nov. 2001 <www.inthesetimes.com/issue/25/25/feature1.shtml> 30 Dec. 2001. Mayer, Jane. "The House of bin-Laden." New Yorker online. 11 Nov. 2001. Available <www.newyorker.com/FACT/?011112fa_FACT3> 30 Dec. 2001 Surowiecki, James. "The Real Price of Oil." New Yorker online. 3 Dec. 2001. Available <www.newyorker.com/THE_TALK_OF_THE_TOWN/CONTENT/?011203ta_talk_surowiecki> 30 Dec. 2001

Anlysing of Tv Commercial

The Selected TV Commercial We have selected a television advertisment of bKash, a Brack bank company, for our given assignment. bKash is a service providing company newly launched in Bangladesh which mission is to provide financial services allowing people of Bangladesh to safely send and receive money via mobile devices that are convenient, affordable and reliable. The TV commercial in details: Here on the add Sokhina is the main actress who is a garments worker and uses bKash regularly to send money home to her family.She narrates how bKash has made her life so much easier, and how it is transforming the lives of everyone around her too. How the other people are being benefitted by bKash according to this advertisement are describing below. Her neighbor Milon is a driver who used to receive his salary in cash. Milon is happy because bKash is a better means to keep his money safe as he does not have a bank account. He does not need to cash out the whole amount at a time. Ronnie is t he son of the Chairman of Sokhina’s village who is a university student and lives on campus away from home.He needs to pay his tuition fee urgently and calls his father to send him the money through bKash. He also assured his father not to be worried to lose the money as only he knows the pin code to make the money cash. Soo it is secure even the cell phone is lost. Again her madam Nina buys some groceries from a nearby superstore and happily pays with bKash at the store. Nina likes paying with bKash as it is simple, convenient and she no longer needs to carry cash. According to the TV commercial at present sending or receiving money using bKash is only possible under Grameen Phone and Robi network throughout the country.WEB link: http://www. bkash. com/video/something-everyone If facing any problem please visit http://www. facebook. com/Zelius. Miraz? fref=ts TARGET MARKET ANLYSIS Consumer markets can be segmented on the following customer characteristics. * Geographic * Dem ographic * Psychographic Geographic Target Market: If we consider about the geographical target market for bKash on the basis of the advertisement then it would be the whole Bangladesh where the network of GP and Robi is available as it talks about sending and receiving money from one end to another.Demographic Target Market: Age: People of ages 18 to 50. On the add we have seen that Ronnie, a university student, needs to use bKash for the payment of his tuition fees again on the other hand Sokhina sends money to her parents through bKash. So all of them are the target market of bkash. Gender: Both male and female. Income: People who earn money and do not both are the target market of bkash as it is providing one type of banking service. Occupation: Service Holder, Driver, Students, Housewife, Farmers, Businessman etc. ccording to the advertisement only. Psychographic Target Market: Social Class: Lower, middle and upper. Attitude and beliefs: Security conscious. Behavioral Target Ma rket: Benefits sought: Sokhina the garment worker describes about the benefits of bKash. User status: Potential and regular. OBJECTIVE OF THE ADVERTISEMENT The main objective of the advertisement is to attract the people of all sectors especially including garments workers, other lower earning people, students and housewives to use the financial service of bKash. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

Effective Communication Skill

Effective Communication Skills A Compilation of Lecture Notes for DEN 5048 Edited Version 3 2011 1|Page DEN 5048 CONTENTS Introduction to Communication †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Non-verbal Verbal Written Development of Self †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Written Communication Writing business messages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Letter-writing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Curriculum vitae (resume)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Memorandum †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Formal report †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Electronic mail †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Oral and Visual Presentation Oral Presentation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Visual Presentation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Negotiation Skills †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Telephone Skills †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Procedures in Meetings †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 13 19 25 31 34 37 41 44 48 55 57 61 2|Page INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION What is Communication? Communication is the process of transmitting and receiving of information through verbal or nonverbal behavior. At the center of any definition of communication must be the intention of conveying a message, even if the message is abstract (e. g. modern poetry).Why We Communicate The purpose of any given communication may be: To initiate some action To impart information, ideas, attitudes, beliefs or feelings To establish, acknowledge or maintain links or relations with other people. How We Communicate Effective communication is a two-way process, perhaps best expressed as a cycle. Signals or ? messages‘ are ? sent‘ by the communicator and ? received‘ by the other party. He ? sends‘ back some form of confirmation that the ? message‘ has been received and understood: this is called ? feedback‘. Message SENDER Feedback RECEIVER 3|Page The Stages of Communi cation ProcessSENDER’S ACTIVITY RECEIVER’S ACTIVITY Impulse to communicate Encoding the Message Relay of Message Decoding the Message Feedback Impulse to communicate Deciding to communicate and deciding what to communicate is the first stage of the process. Messages should ideally be reviewed and put into some working order in the brain before mouth, body or machinery are used to articulate and present the idea for someone else‘s benefit. Encoding the message At this stage, the sender puts his message into words, gestures and expressions in the form that both sender and receiver understand.We have to bear in mind however, that a symbol that we use and understand may be ambiguous (have more than one possible meaning) or mean something different to a person of different age, nationality, experience or beliefs. Just because we understand what we mean, it does not necessarily mean that someone else will. Relaying the message Once the idea has been encoded as a messag e, the sender needs to choose how to ? transmit‘, or get it across to the receiver. The particular route or path, via which the message is sent, connecting the sender and receiver, is called the channel of communication. (e. g. notice board, newspaper column, online bulletin board). The tool which is used to communicate is called the medium which often takes the form of: i. Visual communication – e. g. gesture, chart, picture or screen display ii. Written communication – e. g. a letter, memorandum, note, report or list; or iii. Oral communication which includes both face-to-face and remote communication – e. g. : by telephone or television. 4|Page Choice of medium The choice of medium will depend on such factors as: the Time, depending on its urgency. the Complexity, which medium will enable it to be most easily understood. he Distance, the message is required to travel and in what condition it must arrive. the need for a written record, e. g. for legal do cuments. the need for interaction, immediate exchange or instant feedback. the need for confidentiality or conversely, the spreading of information widely and quickly. Sensitivity to the effect of the message on the recipient: the need for personal involvement, persuasive power or impersonality. Cost, for the best possible result at the least possible expense. Decoding the message The first step in communication from the receiver‘s point of view is the ? ecoding‘ of the message i. e understanding what it says. The receiver must: grasp the meaning of the words or symbols used by the sender interpret the message as a whole. What it says is not necessarily what it means. Reading between the lines or inferring may be necessary to establish the underlying meaning of the message Giving feedback Feedback is the reaction of the receiver which indicates to the sender that the message has (or has not) been successfully received, understood and interpreted. There are 2 types of fee dback – negative & positive.Feedback is vital to success in communication because there are so many potential barriers and breakdowns to guard against Positive feedback i. ii. iii. Action taken as requested A letter/memo/note sent confirming receipt of message, or replying to question/invitation Smile, nod, thumbs up. Negative feedback i. ii. iii. No action, or wrong action taken No written response at all or written request for more information, repetition etc. Silence, gesture, blank look, shrug. 5|Page Types of communication Intrapersonal communication: Communication with oneself eg. f you want to remind yourself to do something, Interpersonal communication: Communication between two individuals, or between a number of individuals on a personal level: a. individual to individual. b. individual to group – address the group as a whole. c. group to individual – transmit message on behalf of an organization/group etc. The medium of interpersonal communication may be written, oral, visual, non-verbal or may mix of them, through channels such as face-to-face discussion, telephone or postal systems, notice boards and so on.Impersonal communication/Mass communication: ? mass‘ communication, in which the message is directed to large, diffuse audience, with no direct contact between source and receiver. Like interpersonal communication, it can be oral, visual or non-verbal, using written, pictorial, or simulated interpersonal messages. eg. someone ? talking to‘ the audience in a TV or radio advertisement. Public communication: Takes place when the organization communicates with a number of receivers. For example: staff newsletter, reports, meetings etc.Potential Problems In Communication Two technical terms used to describe problems or breakdowns, which occur in communication, are distortion and noise. (a) Distortion Distortion refers to the way in which the meaning of a communication is lost in ? handling‘ i. e during the encod ing and decoding stages of communication. (b) Noise Noise refers to distractions and interference in the environment in which communication takes place, obstructing the process of communication by affecting the accuracy, clarity or even the arrival of the message. a. Physical noise, eg. ther people talking, passing traffic. b. Technical noise, eg. bad handwriting, crackle on a telephone line. c. Social noise, eg. interference created by differences in personality/culture or outlook of the sender and recipient. 6|Page d. Psychological noise, eg. excessive emotion (anger, fear), prejudice or nervousness can also interfere with effective transmission of a message. The problem of noise can be reduced by redundancy: using more than one channel of communication so that if a message fails to get through one channel, it may succeed by another.Personal differences There are many factors in an individual‘s personality, mentality, experience and environment which can cause distortion or noise in the communication process. For example: racial, ethnic or regional origins religious beliefs and traditions social class and socio-economic education and training age sex occupation personality traits and types- a wide range of characteristics which shape attitudes and behaviour: introvert/ extrovert, stable/neurotic, active/passive etc. ntelligence- in terms of mental ability and understanding, linguistic or numerical ability Perception Perception is the process by which the data gathered by the senses is selected, sorted, organized and interpreted by the brain in order to form meaningful and coherent messages or information. Selective perception The sub-conscious mind ? decides‘ which stimuli/information are (subjectively) relevant and which are irrelevant and can be safely ignored. When we focus on selected stimuli, we say we give them our attention. This is important for the communicator: 1. s listener and reader, because of the need to minimize potential distract ions and to be aware that some parts of a message may be ignored thus, distorting the overall meaning. 2. as creator and sender, because the need to attract and hold the recipient‘s attention to the key points and meaning of the message. 7|Page NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION What is non-verbal communication? Non-verbal communication is basically anything that conveys a message without using words or symbols. It may be linked to words (eg. a tone of voice), or it may be independent of any verbal message.Movement is highly communicative. Think what you can convey through, for example, frowning or smiling, nodding, scratching your head, putting your head in your hands or slamming a door. There are two broad categories of non-verbal communications: First, Non-verbal communication linked to verbal communication, which adds meaning over and above what the speaker is saying in the words themselves ? between the lines‘ of a message. Words Really, I‘m fine. Other factors Quiverin g lips, pale face, curled up in chair, arms folded around body. Sarcastic smile, patronising tone.Meaning I‘m upset, or ill, and either trying to be brave or not wanting your help. You and I both know I‘m right. Correct me if I‘m wrong. Second, Non-verbal communication independent of any verbal message, so that meaning is conveyed by non-verbal cues. If you forget a friend‘s birthday, for example, this in itself may be enough to communicate that you don‘t care about them any more, or that you are angry with them for some reason. Channels/Types of Non-verbal Communication Because so much of human interaction is non-verbal, this system includes many kinds of communication.There are 9 forms of non-verbal behaviour and each is used to establish personal identity, relational messages and express personal identity and cultural values. i. Kinesics Kinesics refer to body position and body motions including facial expressions. Our bodies communicate a great deal about how we see ourselves. For instance, someone who walks briskly conveys determination; someone who moves without purpose (or ? can never sit still‘) signals nervousness, impatience or distractions. Our faces also communicate messages; we can indicate happiness (smiles), doubt (raised eyebrows) or anger (stares).How we position ourselves relative to others also expresses our feelings toward them – friends often sit together while competitors typically maintain distance. 8|Page ii. Haptics Haptics refer to physical touch. Touching or contact communicates closeness as well as power and status. People with high status touch others and invade others‘ spaces more than those with low status. Between the two genders, women tend to engage in touch while men more typically rely on touch to assert power and control. iii. Physical Appearance High value is often placed on physical appearance.People form initial evaluations based on individual‘s appearance. We first notice physical qualities such as gender, skin colour and features. Then we form judgements of how attractive others are and make inferences about their personalities. For example, plump, rounded bodies are often associated with laziness and weakness while thin, angular physiques are thought to reflect youthful, stubborn personalities. Though these associations have no factual basis, they can affect decisions about hiring, placement and promotion. iv.Artifacts Artifacts are personal objects we use to announce our identities and personalize our environments. We craft our image by how we dress and what objects we carry and use. For instance, doctors wear white and drape stethoscopes around their necks while the military requires uniforms with stripes and medals to signify rank and accomplishments. Artifacts communicate important relational meaning – we use them to perform our identities and express how we perceive and feel about others. v. Proxemics Proxemics refer to space and how we use it. Space reflects intimacy – e. . when we are angry with someone, we tend to move away from him and resent it if he approaches us. Space also announces status with greater space being assumed by those with higher status. How people arrange space reflects how close they are and whether they want interaction. E. g. Those who enjoy interaction arrange furniture to invite conversation and eye contact. For less interaction, chairs may be far apart and face the television instead of each other. vi. Environmental factors Environmental factors are elements of settings that affect how we feel and act.We respond to architecture, colours, temperature, sounds, smells and lighting. e. g. dimly-lit room can enhance romantic feelings while dark rooms can be depressing. Rooms with comfortable chairs invite relaxation while stiff chairs prompt formality. Thus, environmental factors influence not only patterns of interaction but also feelings and moods. 9|Page vii. Chronemics Chro nemics refer to how we perceive and use time to define identities and interaction. E. g. cultural rule stipulates important people with high status can keep others waiting. It‘s standard practice to wait to see a doctor even if you have an appointment.Chronemics also express cultural attitudes toward time. In western societies, for example, time is valuable so, speed is highly valued but Malaysian have more relaxed attitudes toward time and punctuality. viii. Paralanguage Paralanguage refers to vocal sounds such as murmurs and gasps and vocal qualities such as volume, rhythm, pitch and intonation. These vocal cues act as signals for others to interpret what we say as a joke, threat, statement, question etc. Voices can also be used to communicate feelings eg whispering indicates secrecy and intimacy while shouting conveys anger. x. Silence Silence can communicate powerful messages. It can communicate different meanings. For instance, it can signal awkwardness – we delibe rately ignore others when we‘re angry with them. VERBAL COMMUNICATION What is verbal communication? Verbal communication is anything that conveys a message using words or symbols. It is the spoken, oral, and unwritten way of communicating. It makes use of words, vocabulary, numbers and symbols and is organized in sentences. Therefore, speaking is a form of verbal communication. Why is good verbal communication so important?In the business world, verbal communication is very important because you are dealing with a variety of people throughout the day. In some cases you may deal with people who have different culture, ages and with different levels of experience. Now take for example the way you converse with a family member or friend around your same age, you interact with them with a lot of confidence, there is without doubt that verbal communication is expressed with much ease, and perhaps you may speak differently from the way you speak with a person related to business. 10 | P a g eImagine if you expressed yourself the same way with a customer who has different culture, is much older than you and have many years of experience in his field. Most likely your thoughts will be difficult to express. Thus it is necessary to have proper skill when using verbal communication while dealing with different people. How to acquire better verbal communication First of all you need to be aware of the fact that you must be flexible with people depending on the circumstances. Let us say you are presenting a speech in front of an audience at work, and you express your thoughts using business vocabulary.Now what if your audience where to be unfamiliar with the terms you are using, it is without question you will notice the audience lose focused attention to what you are saying , so then you must be flexible and change the way you are expressing your thoughts by using words that are more comprehendible to the audience. You could also build skills by attending a course r elated to business communication. When you are attending the class, you will then be forced to communicate in a more organized way.Try to use the opportunity to overcome the fear of talking to a big crowd and a stranger while you are in class. Besides attending a class that teaches business communication, you may also want to consider working in a job-field that involves working with strangers, such job can be a form of practice to gain confidence in yourself and help reduce shyness and intimidation. Another form of practice can be talking to older relatives and friends, about a topic that involves expressing emotions and strong opinions or a discussion that may concern experiences.Such communication helps you to accumulate skills to express yourself in a more formal and proper manner. When practicing with your relatives or friends it is important for you to back up your opinions or statements with facts. In order to have references about your subject it is suggested to read and stu dy about it. Like for example, if you where to discuss the issue that we are all facing today such as the world's economy for instance, then you may obtain the facts from the news paper, the news, Internet, and you can even get it from books. 1 | P a g e WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Advantages The advantages of written messages include the following: They provide a permanent record of transaction or agreement for confirmation and recollection of details. Evidence may also be necessary for legal purposes. They provide supporting confirmation and clarification of verbal messages, again in case evidence should be needed, but also an aid of memory. They are easily duplicated and sent out to numerous recipients: this ensures that everyone receives the same message.It also enables office personnel to write one message (to adapt or copy) instead of making numerous phone calls. They are capable of relaying complex ideas, aided by suitable layout and the permanence of the record, which allows the r ecipient to pore over it at length if necessary. They can be stored and later retrieved for reference and analysis as required. They are perceived as impersonal, and can be used in situations where unusual formality or ? distance‘ need to be established within an otherwise personal relationship (for example, formal disciplinary proceedings). Disadvantages Time.A written message can be take time to produce, and to send, especially if it has to go by post and if expensive technology is beyond the user‘s reach. Because of the time factor, swift ? interactive‘ exchanges of opinion, attitude and so on are impossible. Inflexibility. Once sent, the message cannot immediately be altered or amended, even if circumstances change or errors are discovered. Impersonality. Written communication also tends to more across as formal and impersonal, so in situations requiring greater sensitivity or persuasion, the personal presence or voice of the sender may be more effective.Access ibility. People‘s ability to read and interpret written messages will vary according to background, education, knowledge of the topic and so on. Eg. If the vocabulary is difficult, the reader may not understand the message. Distance. Non-verbal signals (eg. gesture, facial expression) are not available to help in interpreting the message – the receiver is left with only the words, presentation and written style. Instant feedback is also not available which means errors in interpretation may not be corrected immediately. 12 | P a g eDEVELOPMENT OF SELF Introduction What constitutes the â€Å"self† has been pondered by philosophers, poets, artists, and others for millennia. More recently, psychologists have sought to define and research a range of self constructs. â€Å"Self† in the 20th Century Previous to the 20th century, social institutions, including schooling and psychology (which barely existed) did not emphasize the development of positive beliefs ab out self. There was greater emphasis, for example, on developing relationship to divinities and organized systems of government.With the ousting of religion as the dominant organizational culture in Western society, and the rise of capitalism with its emphasis, particularly in North America, on expression and valuing of personal freedom, a ‘cult of the self' has blossomed. Indeed, self-constructs seem to be positively associated with other desirable qualities, such as better quality of life, higher academic performance, and so on, but there is a debate about whether improving self-esteem, self-concept, etc. causes improved performance, or vice-versa. What's more, there is evidence that high self-esteem when combined with prejudice can lead to increased aggression.Developing oneself At the level of self-improvement one can potentially elaborate personal development to include such areas as: becoming the person one aspires to integrating social identity with self-identification increasing awareness or defining of one‘s priorities increasing awareness or defining of one‘s values increasing awareness or defining of one‘s chosen lifestyle increasing awareness or defining of one‘s ethics strategizing and realizing dreams, aspirations, career and lifestyle priorities developing professional potential developing talents developing individual competencies learning on the job improving the quality of lifestyle (in such areas as health, wealth, culture, family, friends and communities) learning techniques or methods to expand awareness learning techniques or methods to gain control of one's life 13 | P a g e learning techniques or methods to achieve wisdom Developmental Patterns In The Development Of Self-Constructs Early on in development, children tend to have a vague, general concept of themselves, which gradually diversifies nto concepts about themselves as students at school, in relation to peers, in relation to family, emotionally, phy sically, and so on. It is unclear whether self-concepts are formed top-down (specific beliefs flow from general beliefs) or bottom-up (general beliefs flow from specific beliefs). Definitions Of Self-Constructs (a) Self-esteem: What is Self-Esteem? It‘s the way you feel about yourself. It comes from within. Self-esteem is how we feel about ourselves. It is our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. For example: I am good looking. I feel good about myself. I am kind. I am competent. The level of our self-esteem determines how we operate in life – how we interact with others, spouse, children, friends, and strangers.It determines our goals and what we strive for, our achievements, and our satisfaction and happiness in life. The importance of self-esteem can be seen when we look at the relationship between healthy self-esteem and other psychological traits. Self-esteem and personality are closely related. It is interesting how we define self-esteem. We define it by declari ng feelings. We talk about how we feel. High self-esteem is associated with positive feelings and low self-esteem with negative feelings. Healthy self-esteem is related with: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Creativity Rationality Flexibility Willingness to admit mistakes Openness Honesty Acceptance Cooperativeness Independence 14 | P a g ePeople with low self-esteem have negative thoughts about themselves, both physically and mentally see others as better or worse are easily pressured to conform to peers People with high self-esteem accept themselves, despite their shortcomings, mistakes and disabilities are responsible for their actions do not succumb to peer pressure tend to be more ambitious in what they want to experience in life have a drive to express themselves and to communicate openly and honestly about their needs and desires recognize the value of relationships treat others with respect, non judgmental attitude, and fairness How to increase your self-esteem? be assertive learn to like yourself be responsible. earn to deal with criticism in positive way learn to give and receive compliments easily Building Positive Self-esteem to Achieve Success Self-esteem can cut across a wide variety of concepts and situations. It occurs in every facet of life. It is the force behind most success and failure, the force behind peak performance, successful achievement, living your dream – living your world! Self-esteem is the feeling of being happy with your character and abilities. It is manifested in a wonderful feeling of inner balance, grounded on self acceptance and a healthy, comforting self-respect towards you. This is entirely different from self-confidence which is deeply rooted in what you believe you can achieve.There are several cases of self-confidence acts without Self-esteem. Positive Self-esteem is knowing who we are and living in harmony with ourselves without needing to have the approval of others. Really, other people's opinion about yourself does not ha ve to be your reality. The definition of positive Self-esteem is that of a life of happiness, of sound mind, of health. When we are happy about ourselves, not caring about what people say about us, we live a happier life, a healthier one, a more successful one – Best of all, we live in peak performance. Happier lifestyle comes from within, it enables happy and relaxed cells, and it controls stress.Happy cells lead to a prolonged life expectancy which means extended period to lead a even 15 | P a g e happier life! What a great attribute if you can only come to terms with who you are, regardless of whatever any person says about you. Remember, life's too short to live other people's opinion and reflections. Live yours! It will take courage though, but it's worth living. It's the best. (b) Self-confidence: What is self-confidence? Most of us now what self-confidence means: we usually define it in relation to what we want to do, but feel too anxious, nervous or worried about! In the end, we will not do it. For one person, self-confidence might be about speaking in public. For another, it might be about being confident in social situations.Whatever the situation that reveals our lack of confidence, the definition of confidence that is implicit here is always something about being self-assured, showing self-reliance, or not being anxious or nervous. Another common definition of self-confidence centres on being assertive, on getting what you want. This is about standing up for yourself, about having the presence, the personal power, if you like, to regard yourself as equal to others and to behave in a way that reflect this. Self-confidence is essentially an attitude which allows us to have a positive and realistic perception of ourselves and our abilities. It is characterised by personal ttributes such as assertiveness, optimism, enthusiasm, affection, pride, independence, trust, the ability to handle criticism and emotional maturity. Confidence is learnt; it is not inherited. If you lack confidence, it probably means that, as a child, you were criticised, undermined, or suffered an inexplicable tragic loss, for which you either blamed yourself or were blamed by others. A lack of confidence isn't necessarily permanent but it can be if it isn't addressed. Our religion, the influence of the culture which formed our perspectives, our gender, social class and our parents, in particular, are all factors which influence and contribute to our level of confidence and esteem. Confident people have deep faith in their future and can accurately assess their capabilities.They also have a general sense of control in their lives and believe that, within reason, they will be able to do what they desire, plan and expect, no matter what the foreseeable obstacle. But this faith is guided by more realistic expectations so that, even when some of their goals are not met, those with confidence continue to be positive, to believe in themselves and to accept t heir current limitations with renewed energy. However, having high self-confidence does not mean they will be able to do everything they want. That view is unrealistic, one for the perfectionists. A desire to be good at everything we do in order to impress others stems from a competitive instinct and lack of personal reinforcement.Any truly successful life has both rewards and the ability to learn from any setbacks, which increase our resilience, self- belief and determination. Real confidence 16 | P a g e requires that we face the possibility of failure constantly and deal with it. However, if we consistently lose out on both achievement and validation, even our identity is called into question. Research has suggested that athletes can also gain confidence from viewing the successful performances of others at a similar level. This second source of information is known as ? modelling’ or ? vicarious experience‘. For example, a tennis player lacking confidence in her vol leying might find it useful to have a peer who has overcome similar difficulties demonstrate the skill.By viewing others, we begin to see that, with effort, success is attainable. The very common use of celebrities in fitness videos is an example of modelling. Confidence can also be built through verbal persuasion. By means of careful reasoning, athletes can be shown that other people (ie the coach) have confidence in their abilities and believe they can achieve set goals. Coaches may even use deception to persuade their athletes that goals can be achieved – of which more later. Verbal persuasion can also take the form of ? self-talk‘, whereby the athlete convinces himself that success will follow. Finally, emotional arousal can influence confidence as well.Although this is the least influential factor, it is important that physiological symptoms are perceived positively rather than negatively. Confidence can be enhanced by perceiving increases in heart and respiration rate as the body‘s natural preparation for top performance rather than as triggers for anxiety. Clearly, confidence is enhanced by good preparation, planning and a sense of optimism. Conversely, negative thinking and pessimism can undermine performance and limit progress. By expecting failure, we set our belief system to a negative channel and start favouring information that is consistent with these beliefs. Lack of confidence People who lack confidence may be shy and quiet, although this isn't always the case.Those with little confidence may pass up opportunities because they assume they wouldn't stand a chance competing against others. They doubt themselves and their abilities. They don't have enough confidence to even try. They fear rejection and failure. These people often don't achieve their potential in life simply because they have already viewed themselves as failures. When people lack self-confidence they are overly preoccupied with what others think. They need to bu ild confidence and take charge of their lives, although it is not easy for someone who suffers from low self-esteem. Over-Confidence Confidence is a necessary component in reaching our goals but over-confidence can be interpreted in negative ways.Simply stated, over-confidence is confidence that is unwarranted. For example, a person may be very confident in an area that he actually has little knowledge and expertise. Over-confidence can be projected as an inflated ego. A person may appear egotistical, 17 | P a g e arrogant and somewhat of a braggart. Over-confidence may also be a smokescreen for lack of confidence. People often try to build their own confidence by tearing others down. In this way, they feel better about themselves. It doesn't mean that they are bad people; it simply means that they don't know how to build their own level of confidence. Attitude Self-confidence is an attitude.It is about how you view yourself, not how others view you. A confident person is comfortabl e with the person he is. He knows he is not perfect and he doesn't try to act perfect. He accepts himself as he is, along with his imperfections. He is confident enough to admit his mistakes. He can laugh at himself. A confident person can accept rejection and criticism, and learn from them rather than taking them personally and wallowing in self-pity. A confident person believes in himself and his abilities, yet he knows there is always room for improvement and therefore continually strives to improve. Positive Outlook A confident person has a positive outlook.He doesn't dwell on his failures. If he doesn't get a promotion, he views it not as a loss but as an opportunity for something better. Confident people often do get what they want because self-confidence is an important element in accomplishing their goals and manifesting their desires. They know that self-confidence is an ingredient in the recipe for success. Respect A confident person likes himself. If you don't like yourse lf, how can you expect others to like you? Confident people also respect themselves. Anyone can develop self-confidence but it can take time, especially if you are steeped in negativity. People aren't born with self-confidence.They learn to put fear and doubt aside and to trust their own instincts. They trust their abilities and choose to react positively rather than negatively. Self-confidence hears the voice of doubt but chooses not to listen to it. 18 | P a g e WRITTEN COMMUNICATION WRITING BUSINESS MESSAGES Introduction Messages are constantly being sent by people all over the world. They can be verbal through talking, or written through mail. In business world, the style in sending a message is different. Here you are dealing with executives of the companies, sales agents, managers, employees and clients. Generally a business message has precise content related to the business.It can be a message for internal purposes such as the employees or board of directors; or external â⠂¬â€œ for clients, creditors and service providers. Whoever the recipient of the business message is, it is necessary to comply with a degree of formality in conveying the message to achieve the goal of disseminating the message to the recipients. There are two types of business messages: (a) Verbal Business Messages: Verbal messages are the primary mode of passing a message. There is no need of much structure and strict compliance compared to written messages. Verbal Messages are frequently passed on in-order to carry out routine business activities. b) Written Business Message: Written messages are used whenever the information being passed on needs to be compiled and filed. This is where some of the employees may commit mistakes while drafting a written business message. In case any mistakes occur in the written business message, it can become permanent and get filed. It is important to be extremely careful when writing a business message. Written business message is not just an ordinary message but a message that will either make or break the business. Due diligence should be considered so that there are no mistakes and loss of money arising out of incorrectly written business message.Understanding the Three-Step Writing Process Business messages are very important when it comes to business communication. For a person who knows English language very well, does not mean that he will write a business message perfectly. There is a structure, standards or guidelines that needs to be followed in order to come up with a business message which conveys the correct meaning. 19 | P a g e A well-structured business message can go a long way and can even earn millions to the company in return. This is a matter of knowing how to structure the business message to give the reader a sense of professionalism and being treated well as a person with whom the company is doing business.To ensure that the message is conveyed effectively, and is well-organised, follow these thre estep writing process: Step 1: Planning a business message Planning is a very vital step, and if one commits an error in this stage, it will create an irreversible error that can cause the business to lose millions in the worst case scenario. It is necessary that all the steps are taken into full consideration along with adequate emphasis on planning a business message. Do not begin writing until you have planned what you want to say. This avoids writer‘s block and poorly developed messages. When planning on how to write a business message, one should ask the following question, Who is this business message designed for?Is it for a client, a service provider, a creditor, government agency or an employee? It is important to identify who is the recipient of the business message so that certain precautionary measures should be adopted in order to structure the message that will fit for the person who is receiving the message. Second question is for what purpose is this business m essage written for? Is it to give appreciation, a constructive criticism or to persuade the reader? If the purpose is identified then the contents of the message will be designed in relation to the purpose. The answers to these questions will serve as a guide with regard to writing a good business message.Among the other important factors to consider in the planning stage include the following: (a) Know your audience: When you write a business letter, you are trying to persuade the reader (the audience) to either take an action or change the way they think. Therefore, a business message aims to convince the audience that what is written is true. Knowing your audience is only the first step. The information you get about your audience can help you develop and organize the content of your message so that the message can be easily read. (b) Audience’s expectations: When you know your audience, you will know what they expect from you. Your message will be most successful if it ma tches the readers‘ expectations. Generally, your audience will have three expectations: (c) Get to the point: state the main point(s), including bad news, immediately. 20 | P a g e d) Keep it simple: Do not feel compelled to use big words or complex sentences in order to impress your audience, or to build your credibility with them. The reason is, when you do this, you might confuse the audience. Furthermore, the audience might think that you are a con artist. (e) Use active and passive voices appropriately: Use the passive voice to sound more diplomatic. Sentences in the passive voice sound less confrontational, so these sentences do not appear to blame someone. On the other hand, active sentences put the subject in front of the sentence. Thus, they appear more harsh to a reader. (f) Content: Content refers to information included in the message.By knowing your audience, you will know what to include in the content of your message. In addition, you should include enough infor mation to maintain the readers‘ interest, while at the same time not too much information until it bores the audience or wastes their time. There are three common methods of determining content: brainstorming outlining clustering (g) Organisation: The order in which you present your messages (or information) is called organization. You need to know what information that you want to include in your message. Only then can you decide how to organise it. In general, present the main ideas first, followed by the supporting details and finally, conclusion.A good organization facilitates the readers‘ understanding of your message. Step 2: Writing a business message After planning comes the actual writing stage of a business message. This is most the crucial stage, since one mistake of a word may give a wrong impression to the reader. Make sure that the reader will read the business message and understand its purpose. Writing a business message is the same as writing an ordinary letter, but there are some modifications that need to be considered. 1. The salutation, make sure that the name of the recipient is correctly spelled. 2. It should be justified or in block form, to make it look neat and organized. 3.The message should contain brief and concise information with regard to the information being partake with. 4. Always, check the message for grammar and spelling mistakes. It is very important that the message is proof-read so that the message will convey the correct meaning to the reader. 21 | P a g e 5. The font size or style should be in a manner that is readable to the normal eye so that the reader will not need eyeglasses to read the message. It does not mean it should be in bold or large font size, but just enough to be read without straining the eyes. Step 3: Completing a business message A business message does not end at the writing stage; it needs to be sent to the correct recipient in order to serve the purpose for which it was written.If it is a post mail, the address of the recipient should be clearly written and double checked the recipients‘ address. It is important that the address is written correctly so that the message will definitely reach the recipient and will get the message across. It is also important to update and keep proper reference of changed address whenever the recipient so that mails are addressed to the latest address. If it is through e-mail, be sure the e-mail address is correctly entered and the subject is properly designated. As a matter of assurance purposes, send a carbon copy to the person who instructed the letter to be sent. This will give a signal to the people within the business organization that an e-mail is being sent to a certain person.Improving Readability in Business Messages Writers can adopt the following techniques to make messages easier to skim: (a) Vary sentence length: Keep paragraphs short Use lists and bullets Add headings and subheadings (b) Varying sentence lengt h helps readers skim your message: Use both short and long sentences to increase interest. Avoid too many short sentences, or your writing will be choppy. Keep sentences to an average length of 20 words or fewer. (c) Keeping paragraphs short helps readers skim your message: Avoid long paragraphs that may intimidate readers. Compose paragraphs of 100 words or fewer. Use one-sentence paragraphs only occasionally and only for emphasis. 2 | P a g e (d) Using lists and bullets helps readers skim your message: Set off important ideas in a list to help readers find key points. Introduce a list clearly so that readers know what they‘re about to read. Add further discussion after a list to complete your thoughts. Compose list items in parallel form. (e) Adding headings and subheadings accomplishes the following: Cues readers into the content of the following section Helps reader determine how a document is organized Grabs reader attention Makes copy easier to read Indicates shifts from one idea to the next (f) Use one of two categories of headings: Descriptive headings identify a topic.Informative headings guide readers to think in a certain way about the topic. Tone in Business Writing When we speak, our words form only a portion of the message we convey. Our meaning is also relayed through our body language and eye contact, as well as the intonation, pitch and speed of our voice. This is called tone. In business writing, the tone of our message refers to the meaning between the lines and the meaning conveyed in the words we choose rather than just in the message we are sending. Thus, when you write a business message, choosing the correct tone is important because the same words could be interpreted differently by two different readers.The overall tone of a written message affects the reader just as one's tone of voice affects the listener in everyday exchanges. Business writers should consider the tone of their message, whether they are writing a memo, letter, report, or any type of business document. Tone is present in all communication activities. Ultimately, the tone of a message is a reflection of the writer and it does affect how the reader will perceive the message. Here are some ways to write a business message with good tone: (a) Be confident: You can feel confident in writing business messages if you have carefully prepared, and are knowledgeable about the material you wish to express. The way you write should assume a confident tone as well.As you prepare business documents, you want the reader to do as you ask, or to accept your decision. In order to make the document effective, you must write confidently because a confident tone will have a persuasive effect on your audience (the reader). Employers are inclined to hire individuals that appear confident and 23 | P a g e sure of their abilities. However, this does not mean that you should appear over-confident. Over-confidence can easily be interpreted as being arrogant. Bad: ? You must have noticed from my resume that I am very qualified for the job.? Good: ? My qualifications in the areas of information technology and multimedia meet your job requirements.? b) Be courteous and sincere: A writer builds friendliness and trust by using a tone that is polite and sincere. Consider the words and phrases you use in your document, and how your reader will likely receive them. If you are respectful and honest, readers will be more willing to accept your message, even if it is negative. Bad: ? If you have read the conditions carefully, the company would have gained profit.? Good: ? The company could gain profit provided that the conditions are met.? (c) Use non-discriminatory language: Avoid biasness when you write. Do not use any discriminatory words, remarks or ideas that might offend the reader. It is very important to communicate in a way that expresses equality and respect for all individuals.Discriminatory language can come between your message and your rea der. Make sure your writing is free of sexist language and free of bias based on such factors as race, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation and disability. Bad: ? Women who do not have marketing skills will be assigned desk jobs instead.? Good: ? Employees without marketing skills will be assigned desk jobs instead.? (d) Stress the benefits for the reader: Write from the reader's perspective, or point of view. That means, write from the perspective of what you can do for the reader. A reader will often read a document wondering: â€Å"What's in it for me? † or ? How do I benefit from thisAs such, it is your job to customize your message to suit the reader. Bad: ? I would like to see your paper qualification.? Good: ? Your paper qualification would help us speed up your job application process.? (e) Write at an appropriate level of difficulty: Consider your audience and prepare your writing so that the reader will clearly understand what it is that you are saying. In o ther words, prepare your style of reading to match the reading abilities of your audience. Do not use complex passages or terms that the reader will not understand. Accordingly, do not use simple terms or insufficient examples if the reader is capable of understanding your writing.A competent writer will match the needs and abilities of their reader and find the most effective way to communicate with a particular reader. It is important to remember that it is not possible to please all the people all the time with the â€Å"right† tone. Writing is an art, not a science, and tone is the most subjective, challenging part of writing. Exercise caution when you write. 24 | P a g e LETTER WRITING Types Of Business Letter Enquiry and reply Enquiries for information about goods or services are sent and received in business all the time. They should be acknowledged as soon as possible or business may be lost. Complaint and adjustment Complaints about goods or services are inevitable a nd need to be investigated immediately.Steps should be taken to rectify matters if goodwill is to be retained. Job application, offer and reference A wide variety of letters pass back and forth in the recruitment process. Financial Collection letters, credit requests and credit rating enquiries all come under this heading. Circulars and mailshots To promote goods, services or special events, an organisation may send a letter simultaneously to many recipients. Word processors may be used to personalise such messages. Sales letters Attracting potential customers in future promotions, new products or services, and special writing techniques have to be adopted in order to put over the products or services in an interesting and enthusiastic way.Congratulations, sympathy, thanks Maintaining goodwill is important in business. Thank you letters are often sent after a dinner or other function. Messages of condolence may be sent on the death of a business associate or colleague. Congratulatio ns may be sent to associates on promotion or other achievements. Fully Blocked Layout With Open Punctuation The fully-blocked layout is now the most widely used method of display for all business documents. In the business letter, it is only necessary to leave one clear line space between each section of the letter. 1. Letterhead – Company‘s name, address and telephone/fax numbers 2. Reference – Initials of writer/typist (often a filing reference) 25 | P a g e 3.Date – in order: day/month/year 4. Inside address – shows name, full postal address, name of state (in lowercase) 5. Salutation – Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Ms Wong 6. Heading – Use ALL capital letters only without underlining. 7. Body of Letter – Separate into paragraphs with a new idea each, with one line spacing between each paragraph. 8. Complimentary Close – match ? Dear Sir‘ with ? Yours faithfully‘ & ? Dear John‘ with ? Yours sincerely‘ (l eave 4/5 lines for signing) 9. Sender’s Name 10. Title or Department 11. Enclosure indication (attachment/s) – ? Enc‘, if more than one, use ? Encs‘ Open Punctuation Open punctuation is often used with the fully blocked layout.All punctuation marks (mainly commas and periods) that are not necessary to ensure grammatical sense are omitted. Some examples of the use of open punctuation are shown below: Dates – 12 December 2002 Names – Mr & Mrs J Sirley Mr Rahimi Yusof Mdm Kavitha Balakrishnan Addresses – Mr Aris Yahya Department of ADP Multimedia University Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama 75450 Melaka Salutation and Complimentary close – Dear Mr Rahimi Yours sincerely Abbreviations – e. g. : BA MA PhD ie am pm PS NB VIP 26 | P a g e In the body of a message, open punctuation should be used when appropriate: Our engineer, Mr D Yew, will be visiting you on Tuesday 14 July at 2 pm in order to investigate the cause of the malfunction.If th is appointment is inconvenient, please telephone him on 062523456, ext 123, to make alternative arrangements. Paragraph Division 1 INTRODUCTION (Background and basics) – Reason for writing, in reply to a previous letter, contact or document DETAILS (Details and figures) – Give instructions, Ask for information, Provide all relevant details (separate into paragraphs for separate themes) RESPONSE – Action for recipient to take, Action you will take, A conclusion CLOSE – A simple, relevant closing sentence (one-liner) 2 3 4 WRITING THE LETTER OF APPLICATION I) II) Essential qualities Format – the most widely used is the complete block format, all principal parts of the letter begin at the left – hand margin. Principal parts of a letter.Punctuation- block format requires open punctuation style. That is, no punctuation used except for the body of the letter. III) IV) LETTER OF APPICATION-: Your letter should sound like you, conveys something of y our own personality. It creates attention and leads the reader to the accompanied resume. The aim of the letter is to show enthusiasm and interest in the company and the position. The opening paragraph – designs to create attention. Like summary‘ name request and question. The middle paragraph – creates desire namely discusses your academic Qualification/educational back ground, work experience in various companies and 27 | P a g e responsibilities, ability to work, interest in your field.Elaborate on the strongest traits and reemphasize listed points of resume, additional facts not covered. The closing paragraph – shows action. State clearly when you are available for a talk with the employer/ for an Interview. Be specific, give reachable telephone numbers. The stationary used should be of high quality and similar to that of your resume. In the signature, just print your name not your designation. Keep a carbon copy of your letter for further reference/fo llow- up. REMEMBER-: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Use good quality paper Should be Type-written Use simple English Date in full, check your spelling, punctuation and grammar errors Should contain all relevant information.Spell the advertiser‘s name and name of the firm correctly Don‘t exaggerate your achievements Stress your willingness to attend an interview THE OPENING PARAGRAPH creates attention. Use one of the following – 1) summary opening 2) name opening 3) request opening 4) question opening Here you state your interest in applying for the post and also the source and date of advertisement. Few possible expressions are – 1) I would like to apply for the position of ________ as advertised in the _______ dated _______. I would like to be considered as a candidate for the __________ position advertised in the ________ dated _________. With reference to your advertisement in the __________, I have much pleasure in applying for the position of _________.I am v ery interested in the vacancy you have advertised in the ______ dated _____ for a _______ and wish to offer my service. 2) 3) 4) 28 | P a g e The CLOSING PARAGRAPH calls for Action/Asks for action. You ask for an interview and show willingness to attend one. Leave your phone number for them to contact you or say you will call for an interview. And lastly show gratefulness and thank the recipient. Possible useful expressions are-: 1) 2) 3) I hope you will call me for an interview. I am enclosing a resume and look forward to a call from you. I trust you will consider my application favourably and grant me an interview etc. 29 | P a g e LETTER WRITING FORMAT ReferenceST/zj Multimedia University Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama 75450 Melaka 29 January 2010 General Manager Flexibletron Sdn Bhd Cheng Industrial Area 73200 Melaka Dear Sir/Madam Recipient‘s address Sender‘s address Date Salutation Subject COMPLAIN ABOUT STAFF ATTITUDE Introduction or opening I am writing this letter to com plain about how my staff and I were treated by your customer service officers when we visited your facility two weeks ago. When one my staff asked the clerk for help, she ignored him. Instead, she continued gossiping to her colleague, pretending not to hear. When I interrupted, one of them stared at me, while the other one filed her fingernails.I politely asked her for assistance, and she unwillingly gave me a form and told me to fill it up quickly as she was about to have her tea break. Our university has been regularly visiting your facility as part of our collaborative effort for our students. The bad experience I had obviously shows that your customer service needs a lot of retraining. It is hoped that the management will do something about it, or we will consider collaborating with another company in the future. Thank you. Yours faithfully Complimentary Close The details The response or action SThemoli Prof Dr Sharmila Themoli Director of Academic Affairs Signature, full name & position 30 | P a g eWRITING A CURRICULAM VITAE (Resume) A resume is a highly personal and individual summary of a person‘s background, experience, training and skills. The French word RESUME` means ? a summary? , OR ? a short history‘. It contains certain amount of essential information, which may vary from individual to individual, depending on his experience and qualification. Do’s and Don’ts for compiling your CV Make sure your CV is ? ? ? ? ? relevant easy to read and easy to follow selling your achievements and skills accurate and detailed truthful Make sure your CV is not ? ? ? ? ? full of irrelevant information jumbled up, cramped and untidy a list of job titles and duties vague and lacking in details dishonestParts of the resume-: Personal Particulars 1) 2) 3) 4) HEADING – The name of the individual ADDRESS – Your complete address CONTACT NO – Your telephone number where you can be reached easily. PERSONAL DETAILS – Whe re ever appropriate add date and place of birth, I. C Number, Nationality, Race, Religion, weight, Height, Marital Status etc). THE POSITION SOUGHT – An objective statement that clearly describes the type of position you hope to obtain. 5) 31 | P a g e 6) PROFILE – A profile is your banner- a summary of your selling points. The aim of a profile is to hold the reader‘s attention and give a brief overview of who you are, mainly to : ? highlight your main skills and experience ? emphasise your personal attributes ? otivate the reader into wanting to know more Write in short note form and use third person. E. g: ? A flexible and well- motivated individual who takes great pride in her work. Excellent communication skills at all levels. Able to form effective working relationships quickly. Excellent administrative skill, well organised and good time Manager. ? An experienced and qualified trainer with experience in business, administrative and management skills. Able t o develop a rapport with people easily. Dynamic presenter with a lively and humorous style which creates a highly stimulating learning environment. 7) EDUCATION – A detailed record of your education, both formal and informal.Start with the highest qualification first. QUALIFICATIONS – List all your academic qualifications individually. WORKING EXPERIENCE – A detailed record of your employment history in reverse chronological order- the present job first. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION – Any information relevant to the job sought after, anything you have published if relevant to the job objectives, hobbies, special achievements etc. REFEREES – At least two names are to be mentioned with complete address and contact numbers. They can be your previous employer, teacher etc. Prior permission must be obtained from the referees before quoting their names. 8) 9) 10) 11) 32 | P a g eSkeleton Layout- Using such a simple display your CV will look neat and attractive , and a potential employer will be able to see all your details at a glance CURRICULAM VITAE Personal Details Name Address Telephone Nationality Date of Birth Marital Status POSITION SOUGHT The vacant position you are seeking Compose a summarised personal profile Tabulate in 3 columns in chronological order List them all individually Present job first, working backwards Hobbies? Special achievements? Results awaited? Previous employer, teacher etc. PROFILE EDUCATION Dates QUALIFICATIONS School/College Course Dates Examining Body Subject WORKING EXPERIENCE Dates Employer Position/Duties ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REFEREES 1 Month and year only Date 2 3 | P a g e MEMORANDUM Memorandum, or memos as they are usually called, form a widely used communication channel throughout an organisation, operating in all directions- vertically, horizontally and diagonally. Purposes of a Memorandum: ? ? ? ? ? to convey information, instructions or requirements to put forward suggestions or ideas for cons ideration to ask for assistance or co-operation to seek information to clarify some details etc. To instruct or to inform staff MEMO to make suggestions To request action to report on progress To remind something to provide information 34 | P a g e Tips for Better Memos 1. Make a plan first before writing your memo.Group your points together into a logical sequence. 2. Ensure your message is as clear as possible, stating all the background information and putting forward all the facts without being long winded. 3. Separate the message into points, grouping related points together in paragraphs. Make sure the paragraphs are organised in a logical sequence for easier reading and understanding. 4. Take time to improve your presentation so that the message looks good. 5. Use numbered points and sub-headings where appropriate. 6. Use simple, clear and business-like language. 7. Keep your message brief and to the point, without any unnecessary information. 8.Make sure the tone of your mes sage is appropriate, considering the reader, sender and the topic. 9. Adopt the personal ? you‘ and ? I‘, with a natural, conversational style. 10. Keep your tone positive where possible. 35 | P a g e Example of a memo: MEMO Use typical memo heading TO : All Staff at Rennaisance Centre Burger King FROM : Johnson Muthu, Manager DATE : 13 December, 2009 SUBJECT : New Educational Incentives Plan Open with the specific information Do not include inside address or salutation Beginning January 2010, you can take advantage of an exciting new education programme for all employees of our Rennaisance Centre Burger King. The programme will allow you to receive free books and tuition to Bukit Beruang Community College.Anyone who works at least 10 hours a week is eligible although you are not required to participate. The programme is open to all employees regardless of how long they‘ve worked at this centre. Those who participate will continue to earn their usual salary for the time they work. All participants are encouraged to do their best in their courses. Salaries won‘t be affected by the academic performance in their courses. I‘ll be happy to answer any questions you might have about how working for Burger King can help you earn free college tuition; jus